https://kujas.uokirkuk.edu.iq/ Kirkuk University Journal for Agricultural Sciences (KUJAS) en daily 1 Mon, 01 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0330 Mon, 01 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0330 https://kujas.uokirkuk.edu.iq/article_191714.html AbstractA field experiment was conducted during the spring 2024 growing season at the Field Crops Farm of the College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences, University of Duhok, situated between longitude 42.87 W, latitude 36.86 N and altitude 583 meters, it is about 15 km from Duhok city. The objective was to critically evaluate the individual and combined effects of different plant densities and phosphate fertilizer types on the growth, productivity and associated weed plants of chickpea under rain-fed conditions. The factorial experiment was implemented using a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. The first factor included three plant densities (26.66, 33.33, and 44.44 plants.m-²), and the second factor included four fertilizer treatments: biofertilizer (20 kg .ha⁻¹), diammonium phosphate (DAP) (120 kg .ha⁻¹), triple superphosphate (TSP) (160 kg .ha⁻¹), and a check treatment. The results demonstrated that plant density had a comparatively limited effect on vegetative growth traits, while the type of fertilizer was a significant factor that influenced both development and productivity. The highest seed yield of 2637.96 kg. ha-1 was notably achieved by combining the highest plant density (44.44 plants. m-²) with TSP fertilizer. This superior treatment also consistently enhanced other crucial yield components, including the number of pods per plant, seeds per pod, 100-seed weight, and the biological yield. Furthermore, thirteen weed species, predominantly broadleaf types from six families, were recorded. The high-plant density in conjunction with TSP effectively suppressed weed emergence and significantly reduced weed dry biomass. In conclusion, the integration of a high plant density with Triple Super Phosphate fertilization provided the optimal agronomic strategy by synergistically enhancing crop growth, maximizing seed yield, and significantly improving competitiveness against weeds. This integrated approach is highly recommended for sustainable rain-fed chickpea production in the Duhok region and similar agro-climatic zones. https://kujas.uokirkuk.edu.iq/article_191712.html A field study was done at two locations, Grdarasha and Grdmala. during the growing season of 2024-2025. The experiment included two factors, the first factor was three sowing dates 1st August(D1), 15th August (D2) and 1th SeptemberD3 in 2024, the second factor was five fertilizer types (Control, Pomace 40000 kg ha-1, Rice bio-char 40000 kg ha-1, Seaweed 2 kg ha-1and Di ammonium phosphate (DAP) 200 kg ha-1. A factorial experiment of (3 x 5) was carried out using a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) using three replications. Numerous quantitative parameters were studied. The mentioned factors showed a positive role in Borage growth and yield, it is clear from the results that the highest increment plant height (cm), Leaf area (cm2), Leaf thickness (mm) and dry matter plant-1 (g) were recorded in the 1st September (67.41, 299.50, 1.53 and 131.10) and (63.22, 283.48,1.12and 144.02) for both locations respectively. While the highest seed yield values for both locations (196.45 and 120.52) kg ha-1 was acquired in 1st August and 15th August the highest value for some of the studied characters at Grdarasha was recorded for pomace treatment in Grdarasha which were leaf thickness 1.28 mm, number of seed flower-1 3.36, seed index17.29 g while at Grdmala location the same treatment recorded the highest value for leaf thickness 1.20 mm and seed index 17.70 g. At the Grdarasha location, Seaweed treatment obtained the highest value for plant height 63.36 cm, chlorophyll 64.70 SPAD, number of flowers 664.84 plant-1, dry matter 133.91g, and seed yield 213.28 kg ha-1. While in Grdmala caused the highest value for chlorophyll content 56.49 SPAD, number of seed flower-1 3.66, and seed yield 126.22 kg ha-1. The interaction treatments D1*F4 and D1*F4 obtained the highest seed yield values (309.50and 172.33) kg ha-1 for both locations, respectively. https://kujas.uokirkuk.edu.iq/article_191722.html Soybean (Glycine max L. Merrill) is one of the most important oilseed and grain-legume crops in the world and is regarded as a promising crop in Iraq. A field experiment was conducted at the Technical College / Al-Musaib during the 2025 growing season using a randomized complete block design with three replicates. The study aimed to evaluate correlation and path coefficients among several morphological and physiological traits of six soybean genetic compositions in order to identify the traits that directly or indirectly contribute to increasing total plant yield. The results showed clear variation among the studied genetic compositions in vegetative and yield-related traits, reflecting differences in their response to environmental conditions. Environmental correlation coefficients were weak and non-significant for most evaluated traits. In contrast, genetic correlation analysis revealed that dry matter weight, pod number, seeds per pod, protein percentage, and harvest index exhibited positive genetic correlations with yield. Among these, dry matter weight showed the highest positive correlation with total yield (0.985). The strongest negative correlations were recorded for pod number and seeds per pod, reaching -1.000. In contrast, 100-seed weight showed the weakest association, with low and non-significant coefficients. Phenotypic correlation coefficients ranged from moderate to high, but were generally lower than the corresponding genetic correlations while following the same trend. Path coefficient analysis indicated that dry matter weight had the highest positive direct effect on yield (0.679), followed by protein percentage, which showed a moderate positive direct effect (0.328). In contrast, pod number had a negative and non-significant direct effect (-0.011), although it exerted considerable indirect effects through other traits. Oil percentage showed negative direct and indirect effects, indicating that it is among the least suitable traits for selection. Accordingly, dry matter weight and protein percentage may be considered the most efficient selection criteria for improving soybean yield. https://kujas.uokirkuk.edu.iq/article_191726.html This study was conducted in the wooded shade of the Faculty of Agriculture/Department of Forestry Sciences in the second week of March 2025 with the aim of determining the best method for treating the dormancy of Seed caused by seed coat impermeability represents a major constraint in the propagation of Bauhinia variegata L. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of different dormancy-breaking treatments on germination and early seedling growth. The experiment was conducted in March 2025 at the Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Forestry Sciences. Seeds were subjected to three scarification treatments (hot water, sulfuric acid, and mechanical scarification) in addition to an untreated control under a completely randomized design.Statistical analysis revealed significant differences among treatments in germination percentage, mean germination time, and seedling vigor traits. Sulfuric acid scarification (15 min) produced the highest germination rate and the shortest germination time, as well as superior seedling growth indicators, including stem length, root length, and dry biomass. Mechanical scarification ranked second in effectiveness and represents a practical alternative for nursery conditions where chemical treatments may be limited. Hot water treatment showed moderate improvement compared with the control.Statistical analysis revealed significant differences among treatments in germination percentage, mean germination time, and seedling vigor traits. Sulfuric acid scarification (15 min) produced the highest germination rate and the shortest germination time, as well as superior seedling growth indicators, including stem length, root length, and dry biomass. Mechanical scarification ranked second in effectiveness and represents a practical alternative for nursery conditions where chemical treatments may be limited. Hot water treatment showed moderate improvement compared with the control. https://kujas.uokirkuk.edu.iq/article_191731.html Salinity and medium pH are critical abiotic factors influencing plant growth, yet their interactive effects remain poorly understood. This study aimed to evaluate the primary and interacting effects of medium pH and sodium chloride (NaCl) on the in vitro development of Medicago sativa L. (cv. CUF 101). A 3 × 4 factorial design was employed to investigate pH levels of 4.5, 6.5, and 8.5 in conjunction with NaCl concentrations of 0, 60, 120, and 180 mM in a completely randomized design, with growth traits (root and shoot length, biomass, and leaf number) measured after 21 days of germination. This approach allowed us to capture responses across varying gradients of saline-pH stress. The effects of pH, salinity, and their interaction were all found to be highly significant (p < 0.01). Near-neutral pH (6.5) consistently maximized biomass and exhibited antagonistic effects by alleviating the growth inhibition caused by NaCl. Conversely, acidic conditions (pH 4.5) combined with NaCl produced synergistic effects, resulting in disproportionate shoot elongation without an accompanying increase in their biomass. Under alkaline conditions (pH 8.5) with NaCl, the interaction also acted synergistically, severely inhibiting root elongation and indicating an early failure of root establishment. Salinity imposed a range of penalties on all traits, exhibiting significant reductions beyond approximately 120 mM and approaching a critical collapse at 180 mM. The correlations among traits indicated a trade-off in stress allocation: root length was positively correlated with total biomass and negatively correlated with shoot elongation and leaf number. These findings demonstrate that precise pH management is essential for optimizing salt tolerance in alfalfa with implications for cultivar screening under saline-alkaline stress. https://kujas.uokirkuk.edu.iq/article_191744.html Humoral immunity (Secretory IgA (SIgA), IgM, IgG) and copy number variation (CNV) of BDNF gene and its expression were assessed in Awassi sheep blood samples (n = 40). CNV analysis were performed via qPCR (ΔΔCt method), BDNF gene expression analysis through SYBR Green qPCR, and IgA, IgM and IgG ELISA were used to determine serum immunoglobulin levels.ANOVA followed by Duncan’s test was used to compare differences among deletion (DEL), normal CNV (NOR) and duplication (DUP) groups and Pearson and Spearman correlations were used to determine linear and monotonic relationships. IgM and IgG serum levels were not significantly different among CNV groups and had no significant correlations with BDNF CNV coding respectively (P > 0.05). However, serum levels of IgA had a significant group effect (P ≤ 0.05). Normal CNV group had higher levels of IgA compared to DEL and DUP groups. Similarly, BDNF gene expression was significantly higher in the NOR group compared to DEL and DUP groups showing a clear dose response relationship indicating gene dosage sensitivity and nonlinear response to CNV. Pearson correlation coefficient between IgA and CNV coding was not significant (p > 0.05), however Spearman correlation rho value approached significance showing a positive monotonic association (rho = 0.305, P = 0.056). Both analyses suggest a relationship between IgA and CNV dosage that may become significant with increased sample size. Taken together our results indicate BDNF requires an optimal dosage range and BDNF-associated neuroimmune communication may contribute to mucosal immune response with IgA being the immunoglobulin most likely to reflect these changes. https://kujas.uokirkuk.edu.iq/article_191737.html ABSTRACT The present study provides a morphological description of Mesostena puncticollis Solier, 1835 (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae), which is recorded for the first time in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq. Specimens were collected from sheep and goat dung pads between January and July 2024. Diagnostic morphological characters of the species are; The head nearly glubolar, black with thin spotting. Clypeus black and slightly concave. Mandibles triangular, heavily sclerotized with tridentate apices; molar area with a tuft of yellow setae. Labrum nearly goblet-shaped. The terminal segment of maxillary palp is funnel-shaped, and about three times the length of the second segment. Antennae are clavate, with 11 segments; 11th segment triangular, equal in length to the 10th. Pronotum cup-shaped, shiny black, and smooth. Elytra black, elongate-oval, with seven rows of minute punctures. The basal part of protibia bearing a small spines. Protibia tubular in shape, the basal part bearing a small spines. Fore tarsus five-segmented, 1st to 3rd tarsomeres are cup-shaped and nearly equal in length. Hind tarsus four segmented, 4th tarsomere 2.1 times as long as the 2nd . Abdomen shining black, elongated oval, bare, consisting of five segments. Eighth abdominal sternite pale to dark yellow, posterior parts pincer-like. Eight abdominal tergite cup shaped, anterior margin striat, posterior margin slightly concave. Anterior and posterior margin of ninth abdominal sternite moderately concave. Spiculum gastrale inverted V -shaped, apical part clavate shaped. Aedeagus elongate-oval; parameres sword-like, and median lobe tubular and slightly shorter than parameres. The habitat, date of collection and the important parts were photographed. https://kujas.uokirkuk.edu.iq/article_191741.html Background:Irrigation management is one of the most crucial silvicultural practices in enhancing the growth and establishment of tree plantations in arid and semi-arid regions. Therefore, the present study evaluated the effects of different irrigation periods, methods and their interactions on the growth, biomass allocation, nutrient uptake, and physiological traits of Leucaena leucocephala saplings in Bardarash District, Kurdistan Region, Iraq. Methods:A factorial randomized complete block design (RCBD) with two factors was conducted. The first factor was three irrigation periods (every 3, 6, and 9 days) and the second factor was three irrigation methods (surface irrigation, deep irrigation without wicks, and deep irrigation with wicks).Results:Results displayed that growth and biomass traits were significantly influenced by irrigation periods. Saplings watered every three and six days revealed greater growth, biomass, and relative water content compared to those watered every nine days, which showed growth reduction due to drought. Irrigation methods showed that stem growth and root biomass were improved under surface irrigation, whereas leaf mass ratio enhanced under deep irrigation with wicks. Different nutrient uptake patterns were observed among treatments. The highest nitrogen content was under less frequent (9 day) deep irrigation without wicks, the best phosphorus content was under moderate (6 day) surface irrigation, and potassium under more frequent (3 days) wick irrigation. Physiological traits revealed that protein content, chlorophyll content, and water-use efficiency improved under moderate and less irrigation frequency (6–9 days), while relative water content enhanced under more frequent irrigation (3 days). Irrigation techniques revealed that protein content and relative water content declined under subsurface irrigation with wicks. Conclusion:The results showed that using surface or deep non-wick irrigation every six days maximizes water savings without compromising sapling development and nutrient efficiency. The findings enhanced knowledge about irrigation management for afforestation and reforestation programs in semi-arid regions. https://kujas.uokirkuk.edu.iq/article_191715.html Polluted soil samples were randomly collected in August 2024 around two sources of pollution (Gas Station and Steel Factory), which are located in the south and west of Erbil city. Each sample was about 100 meters away from the source of pollution, and the control samples were about 1 km away from the source, and the soil samples were taken from 0–30 cm depth in the study area. Then, some chemical and physical properties and the spectral reflectance of the soil samples were determined by spectroradiometer (ASD-Field Spectro), in order to know its relation with heavy metal concentrations and other soil properties. The study showed that the Cd concentration in Steel Factory > Gas Station, the Pb and Ni concentration in Gas Station > Steel Factory, on the other hand the highest value of spectral reflectance was at the Gas Station sample (G11), and the lowest reflectance value was at the Steel Factory sample (S6). The results indicate that the concentrations of heavy metals (Cd, Pd and Ni) in soils from contaminated sites were significantly higher than those in the control samples, which the control sites remain largely unaffected. The results of this study emphasize the critical necessity for regular and systematic monitoring of fuel-related activities and industrial operations within the study region in order to prevent additional soil degradation. The excessive buildup of heavy metals in the soil may be avoided in large part by enacting stricter and more thorough environmental rules and implementing well-thought-out remediation plans. In addition to preserving and enhancing soil quality, such actions would ensure the long-term viability of regional ecosystems and enhance agricultural output for upcoming generations, improving living standards and lowering possible health hazards. https://kujas.uokirkuk.edu.iq/article_191738.html Greenery in any place generally indicate the integration of natural elements, including trees, shrubs, grass, and flowers, which enhance ecological balance, aesthetic value, and overall quality of life. Public parks as an example do function as vital leisure areas for metropolitan populations, enhancing physical and mental health. The current inquiry was dedicated to developing a new master plan for rearranging the green areas and re-establishment of Darwaza park in Ranya, Kurdistan region of Iraq, in order to fit the park with resent advancement of civilization. Darwaza Park occupies an area of 50570 m2 within Ranya a serve as a main public park that highlights the significance of urban greenery in the region, however it suffers from considerable design shortcomings. Present study is to evaluate the present condition of this Park, point out deficiencies in its design, and forward ideas to improve its functionality and usage. The primary aims encompass rectifying deficiencies in softscaping, hardscaping, urban furnishings, and inadequate accessibility for various users. The research utilized multiple approaches, encompassing soil analysis, meteorological data evaluation, landscape assessments, and survey questionnaires. Performed for the first time in the town, results indicate significant shortcomings in vital park attributes, including shaded zones, irrigation systems, seating arrangements, and recreational amenities. A new master plan was forwarded to incorporate modern landscaping methods with accessible amenities, guaranteeing an interesting and sustainable park setting. Present investigation may be regarded as a basis for future park design in the area or any other town, highlighting ecological sustainability and accessible infrastructure. https://kujas.uokirkuk.edu.iq/article_191736.html Farmers are also turning to natural substitutes for synthetic growth promoters to enhance the performance and quality of their livestock's meat. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of fennel seed powder (FSP) on the meat quality and oxidative stability of Karadi lambs. A total of 20 male lambs were divided into three dietary treatment groups over a span of 90 days: a control group receiving 0% FSP (n=6), a treatment group with 1.4% FSP (T1, n=7), and another with 2.8% FSP (T2, n=7). At the end of the study, the lambs were slaughtered, after which samples from the Longissimus dorsi muscle were collected for analysis, focusing on chemical composition, sensory evaluation, and oxidative stability. Additionally, measurements of carcass cut percentages were recorded. The findings demonstrated that T2 (2.8% FSP) significantly enhanced the intramuscular fat content and improved sensory evaluations concerning flavor, tenderness, juiciness, and overall acceptability (P<0.05). Compared to the control group, T1 demonstrated a higher fat deposition in the leg (15.75%) and loin (28.85%), while T2 exhibited intermediate values for these cuts. The control group had a higher proportion of bone in the leg (29.04%) compared to T2 (23.47%), with T1 presenting similar results to T2. T1 produced a higher neck meat percentage compared to T2, with the control group showing results similar to T1. In antioxidant activity within the meat, T1 demonstrated the strongest results. No significant differences were found in supplement levels affecting carcass composition. Overall, FSP is an effective natural feed additive for improving lamb meat quality, with 2.8% optimal for sensory quality and 1.4% for oxidative stability, depending on production goals. https://kujas.uokirkuk.edu.iq/article_191745.html The study aimed to isolate and identify the fungi causing root rot and death of date palm offshoots (Phoenix dactylifera L.) in orchards of the Al-Husseiniya area in Karbala Governorate, based on morphological and molecular diagnosis, with evaluation of their pathogenicity on radish seeds and palm seedlings. The field survey included 12 orchards, and its results showed a clear spread of the disease condition, as the deterioration percentages ranged between 14–28% and the death percentages between 13–42%, indicating the presence of influential pathological causes in the success of offshoot cultivation. Laboratory isolation resulted in the diagnosis of four fungi: Alternaria alternata, Fusarium graminearum, Pythium aphanidermatum, and Rhizoctonia solani, where the fungus A. alternata recorded the highest frequency and the most severe pathogenic effect, causing a significant decrease in the germination percentages of radish seeds and palm seedlings to 15–17%. The molecular diagnosis of the most pathogenic isolate was confirmed using amplification of the ITS region and the Actin gene, and the genetic comparison via the GenBank database showed a high match with global isolates. The A. ‎alternata sequence was deposited under the number PV803540, and the phylogenetic tree showed a ‎clear evolutionary convergence with internationally registered isolates. The results indicate that ‎the severity of fungal infection is a major factor in the deterioration and death of date palms offshoots in ‎the region, and highlight the importance of early diagnosis and the application of integrated ‎management programs based on preventive agricultural practices to reduce losses and improve ‎the sustainability of production.‎ https://kujas.uokirkuk.edu.iq/article_191727.html This study aims to the level of response of poultry breeders to the information of agricultural research centers related to modern technologies at the farm in Sulaymaniyah governorate and determine the relationship between poultry farmers' responses with in Socio-economic variables. This research was conducted in Sulaymaniyah governorate on a simple random of 162 researchers, representing 30% of the research community of 486 researchers. The data was collected by personal interview through a questionnaire form prepared for this purpose, and after testing and confirming its statistically for data collection; the data were collected then it’s processed and analyzed by SPSS Version22 Software. by using the following statistic: - Frequencies, percentage, standard deviation Spearman-Brown and Pearson’s.The results were found that the level of response of poultry breeders to the information of agricultural research centers in general was is medium trend to negative and They make up 90.11% of the study community, And that there is a significant relationship between the level of response of poultry breeders to the information of agricultural research centers the following variables: Age, Educational Level, years of experience, types of technological ownership, Livelihood levels, while there is no significant relationship between the level of response of poultry breeders and Number of worker variable. This study recommended that to provide government and financial support to help breeders with limited income or partial ownership acquire technology and improve their productivity. The Ministry of Agriculture and water resources in the Kurdistan region should strengthen the role of agricultural research and extension centers by intensifying applied and field activities to transfer information and research results on modern technologies and disseminate them among poultry breeders. https://kujas.uokirkuk.edu.iq/article_191718.html The study was conducted in the contaminated soils surrounding the petroleum refineries and iron scrap recycling factories in the Kwashe Industrial region, Duhok Governorate, Kurdistan Region of Iraq. Soils were taken from the surface at a depth of 0-20 cm. A pot experiment was carried out in a greenhouse to evaluate the effectiveness of using chelating agents such as humic acid and biochar at a concentration of 5 g kg⁻¹ of soil and ammonium nitrite (NH₄NO₃) at a concentration of 230 mg kg⁻¹ of soil, as well as the control. Flax (Linum usitatissium) was used to remove Zn, Cd, and Pb from the contaminated soil. The results showed a significant increase in Zn, Pb, and Cd in flax shoots and roots when treated with different amendments. The high uptake of metals with the addition of amendments was in the following order: BC > HA > AN, while for roots, the increase was in the following order: HA > BC > AN. Biochar effectively enhanced the uptake and accumulation of Zn and Pb in flax shoots, while the humic acid enhanced the uptake of Cd in flax shoots. The results also revealed that flax is successful for accumulating these metals in its shoots and roots, but the roots accumulated much more than the shoots, and the bioconcentration factor (BCF > 1) and the translocation factor (TF ˂ 1) showed that flax roots could be used as a good phytostabilizer for those soil that has been contaminated with Zn, Pb, and Cd https://kujas.uokirkuk.edu.iq/article_191719.html Abstract:The experiment was conducted in Al-Abbasi sub-district, Al-Hawija district, about 72.6 km from Kirkuk center (latitude N35.270768, longitude E43.630299) during the spring season of 2025. The study investigated the effect of three factors on maize (Zea mays L.) traits, including mechanization indicators, yield, and its components. The factors were: tillage system (no-tillage and conventional tillage), three forward speeds (6.42, 7.23, and 8.15 km·h⁻¹), and two maize varieties ( Toro and Royal). Twelve treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with a split-split plot arrangement and three replications. Duncan’s Multiple Range Test at 0.05 probability was used to compare means. Studied traits included: number of ears per plant, number of rows per ear, number of kernels per row, number of kernels per ear, 300-kernel weight, and emergence percentage. Results indicated that mechanization traits were significantly influenced by the first two factors, while other traits were affected by all factors. The interaction between conventional tillage and 8.15 km·h⁻¹ speed produced the highest significant values for field emergence percentage, number of rows per ear, 300-kernel weight, and ear weight. The speed of 8.15 km·h⁻¹ excelled in number of rows per ear, whereas 6.42 km·h⁻¹ resulted in the highest number of kernels per row. The Toro variety showed superior performance in most yield traits, except 300-kernel weight, which was higher in the Royal variety. Conventional tillage × Toro yielded the best values for ears per plant, kernels per row, and kernels per ear, while conventional tillage × Royal achieved the highest 300-kernel weight. No-tillage × Toro gave the highest number of rows per ear, and 6.42 km·h⁻¹ × Toro produced the best number of kernels per row and per ear.Keywords: varieties, forward speed, surface farming, conventional farming. https://kujas.uokirkuk.edu.iq/article_191709.html This study was carried out during growing season 202 -2025 in the plastic house (500 m2) at the Agricultural Research Directorate to study the impact of two planting date (15th August and 1st September), three levels of boron (0, 40 and 80 mg L-1) and three levels of vermiwash (0, 6 and 12ml L-1) on vegetative growth (plant height and leaf area), mineral nutrients (nitrogen percentage, phosphorous percentage and potassium percentage) and yield (average fresh weight of curd and total yield) of cauliflower plant. The experiment was implicated in a factorial Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD). The results showed that the 1st September significantly enhanced plant height (cm), and leaves potassium%. The foliar application of 40 and 80 mg L-1 of boron significantly enhanced of plant height (cm), leaf area (cm2), leaves nitrogen%, leaves phosphorous%, leaves potassium%, average fresh weight of curd (kg plant-1) and total yield (kg unit-1). Similarly, vermiwash showed positive and significant effects on all studied parameters except leaf area (cm2) and leaves nitrogen%. The combined influence of two factors namely planting date and boron, planting date and vermiwash and boron and vermiwash had a significant impact on all vegetative growth and yield parameters. Notably, the interaction among 1st September, 80 mg l-1 boron and 12 ml l-1 vermiwash exhibited the most substantial effects, resulting in the highest plant height (cm), leaf area (cm2), average fresh weight of curd (kg plant-1) and total yield (kg unit-1).Cauliflower (brassica oleracea var. botrytis L.) is an important vegetable crop that belongs to the Brassicaceae family. https://kujas.uokirkuk.edu.iq/article_191710.html This evaluated the high functional properties of using local Qazwan (Pistacia atlantica) unripe fruit powder and ripe fruit oil as antioxidant on body performance, morphohistology, hematology, antioxidant and immune status in broiler chicks’ diet at age 35 days. The chicks were randomly distributed in 6 treatments: T0- Control: without adding (basal diet), [synthetic antioxidant: T1- BHT 150 mg/kg basal diet (butyl-hydroxy-toluene)], [Natural antioxidant: T2 (2.5 g Qazwan fruit powder/ kg diet), T3 (5 g Qazwan fruit powder/ kg diet), T4 (0.5 ml Qazwan oil / kg diet), T5 (1 ml Qazwan oil/ kg diet)].The results achieved significantly higher body performance, body weight, and body weight gain, production index (PI), and feasibility (economic profit), histomorphology (small intestine relative length villus width, villus length (VH), crypt depth (CD), and Goblet cells numbers), and antibodies titter against New castle diseases (ND), Infectious bursal diseases-Gambro (IB), and Infection bronchitis virus (IBV), Hormones (Thyroxin(T4), Triiodothyronine (T3), and Growth), protein profile (total protein, and Globulins), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and antioxidant enzymes activities (GSH-px, Superoxide dismutase (SOD), Total antioxidant capacity (TAC), and Catalase), also improvement in feed convention ratio (FCR). However, mortality percentage, birds’ aggressiveness, lipid profile, triglyceride, total cholesterol high (TCH), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL-C), malondialdehyde (MDA) had significantly decreased in all treatments of natural, and then synthetic antioxidant compared of T0 control group. Moreover, the livability percentage was non-significantly in all treatments. The oil additive of Qazwan then powder show the fulfillments compared with the BHT and the control. https://kujas.uokirkuk.edu.iq/article_191716.html The search was carried out in August and September 2024, in two different polluted location in Erbil city. To investigate the impact of sources of pollution on the environment. In order of this, 23 samples of soil were taken from around the cement factory and oil refinery 0-30 cm depth and then concentration of some heavy metals including Cu, Cd and Ni was measured. Then indices such as Geo-accumulation (Igeo), Contamination Factor (CF), pollution load (PLI) and Potential ecological risk index (PERI) were used to determine the effects of heavy metals on the level of pollution in topsoil. This comprehensive multi-index technique provides an in-depth evaluation of the environmental health and potential hazards associated with these industrial activities. According to the results, for the first location cement factory the range of concentration for Cu (91.43 - 377.42), Cd (1.91 - 15.46) and Ni (59.79 - 835.98) mg.kg-1 respectively, and for the second location oil refinery the range of concentration for Cu (122.13 - 409.46), Cd (1.20 - 19.378 ) and Ni (99.42 - 558.39) mg.kg-1 respectively, this mean the cement factory average of HMs (Cu, Cd and Ni) more than average of the heavy metals of the oil refinery. Depending on the indices used under the study, both of the locations are polluted but depending on the class of each indices the cement factory was more polluted than the oil refinery, mainly because the local soil samples had greater levels of heavy metals and particle matter. This increases the negative impacts on the local ecosystem. https://kujas.uokirkuk.edu.iq/article_191717.html This study evaluated the influence of 6-benzyladenine (BA) on the initiation and multiplication of Ocimum basilicum L. under in vitro conditions and the effect of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) on the physiological response of plantlets exposed to lead (Pb) stress. A completely randomized design (CRD) was used with appropriate replication; data were analyzed in Genstat, and means were separated using the Least Significant Difference (LSD) test at p ≤ 0.05. During initiation, BA at 1.5 mg L⁻¹ produced the highest explant response (96.67%), whereas the BA-free control showed the lowest. In multiplication, BA at 1.0 mg L⁻¹ maximized leaf number (14.0), while 1.5 mg L⁻¹ increased shoot number (3.45); plantlet height did not differ significantly. Under Pb (0, 200, 300, 400 µmol L⁻¹) and AgNPs (0, 40, 80 ppm), oxidative-stress markers and defense traits exhibited distinct main and interaction effects. Malondialdehyde (MDA; µmol g⁻¹ FW) peaked at the Pb₃×Ag₂ combination (12.22), whereas hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂; µmol g⁻¹ FW) was highest at Pb₂×Ag₂ (4.74). Proline (µmol g⁻¹ FW) accumulated most at Pb₃×Ag₂ (80.30). For antioxidant enzymes (µmol g⁻¹ FW min⁻¹), catalase (CAT) showed its highest mean under Pb₂×Ag₁ (14.47), while superoxide dismutase (SOD) reached a maximum at Pb₃×Ag₂ (17.40). These outcomes indicate a dose-dependent, stage-specific response in basil, in which moderate AgNP levels enhance antioxidant capacity under Pb exposure, whereas higher concentrations coincide with increased oxidative load. The results support using in vitro screening to define optimal BA and AgNPs regimes that improve physiological indicators under heavy-metal stress. This clarifies the importance of AgNPs in the propagation stages and their role in tolerating stress under the influence of heavy elements, which highlights their potential practical applications in plant tissue culture and stress physiology research. https://kujas.uokirkuk.edu.iq/article_191739.html The experiment was conducted in plastic houses, College of Agriculture, University of Anbar, during the fall season of 2023, to study the effect of some nutrients on the growth and yield of the Haimer tomato hybrid. The experiment included two factors: the first factor was spraying with iron at four concentrations (0, 2.5, 3, and 4.5 g L-1), and the second factor was spraying with the nutrient solution Micro mix at four concentrations (0, 2.5, 3.5, and 4.5 ml L-1). The factorial experiment was carried out within a Randomized Complete Block Design (R.C.B.D) with 16 treatments and three replicates. The means were compared with L.S.D. test at a 5% probability level the results were analyzed statistically using the Genstat statistical program, and the arithmetic means were compared using the L.S.D test at a probability level of 0.05. . The results indicate the superiority of the treatment with the Micro Max nutrient spray at a concentration of 4.5 ml L-1 and the iron spray at a concentration of 4.5 ml L-1, as well as their interaction, in the studied traits. These treatments produced the highest values in plant height (180.0 cm) and (171.5 cm), number of leaves (77.42) and (73.07), number of flower clusters (10.30) and (9.68), number of flowers per cluster (15.86) and (13.87), number of fruits per plant (22.75) and (23.08), fruit diameter (37.53 mm) and (42.61 mm), fruit length (23.58 mm) and (24.84 mm), and yield per plastic house (3.683 tons) , (3.511 tons),number flowers set, fruit weight ,plant yield respectively, compared to the control treatment. https://kujas.uokirkuk.edu.iq/article_191721.html The experiment was conducted during the 2024 growing season on five-year-old, healthy pomegranate trees (Punica granatum L.) in a local orchard in Qaladiza, Sulaymaniyah Governorate, Kurdistan, Iraq, to examine the effect of foliar spray with three levels of calcium (0, 2, 4 ml.l⁻¹) and three levels of potassium silicate (0, 1.5, 3 ml.l⁻¹), along with their interactions, on the growth and yield of pomegranate trees. All selected trees were sprayed three times, the first on 3/7/2024 after fruit set at 6 P.M., the second on 18/7/2024, and the third on 2/8/2024, with 15 days between each application. The study was designed as a factorial experiment in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications. Results showed that the most significant increases occurred with the highest treatment levels and the interaction of calcium and potassium silicate, especially at high concentrations (4 ml.l⁻¹ calcium and 3 ml·l⁻¹ potassium silicate). Based on the earlier findings, this study finds that the majority of the vegetative, yield, and chemical properties of pomegranates (Wonderful cv) were considerably impacted by the application of calcium and potassium silicate as foliar treatments, as well as their interaction, leading to increases in chemical components, yield, and vegetative growth. These enhancements led to notable improvements in most measured parameters, including leaf nitrogen content (2.083%), calcium (0.889%), and potassium (0.990%), leaf area (7.378 cm2), leaf chlorophyll content (47.257 SPAD), fruit cracking (40.76%), Total Soluble Solid (17.100%), anthocyanin (5.706%), and peel content of nitrogen (2.030%), peel content of calcium (10.649%), and peel content of potassium (1.387%). https://kujas.uokirkuk.edu.iq/article_191720.html AbstractThe effects of foliar potassium and zinc sprays on growth, production, and fruit quality in Olea europaea L. cv. "Sorani" were tested in a field experiment conducted at Bakrajo, Sulaimanyia, Kurdistan - Iraq, during the 2024 growing season. Fifteen-year-old olive trees were spaced 3 × 2 meters apart in a factorial randomized complete block design with three replications. Twenty-seven trees of uniform size, health, and vitality were selected and assigned to nine treatment combinations of potassium (0, 1.5, and 3 ml.l-1) and zinc (0, 1.5, and 3 g.l-1). Foliar sprays were applied three times, starting on July 3, 2024. The results showed that foliar applications of potassium and zinc, whether alone or combined, significantly enhanced vegetative growth parameters (leaf area, leaf dry weight, and leaf mineral content), yield components (fruit fresh and dry weight, fruit length, diameter, and tree yield), and fruit chemical properties (oil percentage, total soluble solids, and fruit potassium and zinc contents). The treatment with 3 ml.l-1 potassium and 1.5 g.l-1 zinc produced the highest values for most measurements, including fruit oil percentage (38.60%), total soluble solids (17.10%), and tree yield (9.57 kg per tree). These benefits may be due to potassium's role in assimilating transport, enzyme activation, improve physiological functions and osmotic regulation, along with zinc's function in chlorophyll synthesis, auxin metabolism, and enzymatic activation. The study suggests that a balanced foliar application of potassium and zinc is an effective and practical method for enhancing olive tree growth, productivity, and fruit quality in Kurdistan’s semi-arid climate. https://kujas.uokirkuk.edu.iq/article_191742.html This study was carried out on fruit of persimmon fruit cv. “Rojo Brillante” were obtained from a commercial orchard located in Chrane, Duhok governorate, Kurdistan region, Iraq, to study the effect of dipped fruits in (Distilled water, 5, 10 %) moringa leaf extract and (Distilled water, 5, 10%) moringa seed extract solution for five minute and carboxymethyl cellulose(Distilled water, 1, 2 %) for three minute on the fruit quality of persimmon after two months of cold storage at 1+1℃ with 85-90% RH. Fruit firmness, fruit weight loss%, ascorbic acid contents, total soluble solids%, titratable acidity%, Pectin and tannin contents% were recorded for this experiment. Results explained that all treatment of (moringa leaf extract, moringa seed extract and carboxymethyl cellulose) significantly reduce the fruit weight loss%. Additionally, fruit treated with 5% moringa leaf extract and 2% carboxymethyl cellulose caused increase in Total Soluble Solids%, ascorbic acid and maintained fruit firmness compared with untreated fruits. Dipped fruit with 5% moringa seed extract were superior in maintained fruit firmness, while 10% moringa seed extract gave the highest ascorbic acid and tannin content%. There was a significant increase in fruits titratable acidity % and tannin content were fruits treated with 10% moringa leaf extract and 1% carboxymethyl cellulose. pectin content was better preserved in coated fruits (moringa leaf extract, moringa seed extract and carboxymethyl cellulose). The triple interaction treatments had a significantly positive effect on the quality parameters of persimmon fruit. It was concluded from the study that the application of Moringa leaves extracts and carboxymethyl cellulose was much effective on most quality parameters of Persimmon fruits https://kujas.uokirkuk.edu.iq/article_191713.html White and red cabbages (Brassica oleracea var. capitata) are economically and nutritionally significant cruciferous vegetables. Optimizing agronomic practices to enhance their growth, yield, and biochemical quality is essential for sustainable production. To this end, a field experiment was conducted during the 2024 growing season to evaluate the comparative response of white and red cabbage varieties to foliar applications of two bio-stimulators: Viviter Veg and Pow Humus. The study utilized a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with a factorial arrangement and three replications. Treatments included three concentrations of Viviter Veg (0, 10, and 20 ml/L) and Pow Humus (0, 4, and 8 g/L), applied three times at 15-day intervals commencing three weeks after transplanting. Parameters assessed included plant height, head fresh and dry weight, total yield, chlorophyll content (SPAD), as well as carbohydrate and phenolic content. Analysis of variance revealed that bio-stimulator application significantly improved all vegetative and biochemical traits compared to the control. Notably, the white cabbage variety demonstrated significantly superior performance over the red variety across most parameters, recording a higher total yield of (37.50 t/ha) compared to (24.12 t/ha) for red cabbage. Furthermore, Pow Humus exhibited a greater impact on yield characteristics than Viviter Veg. The highest values for most parameters were recorded with the application of Pow Humus at 8 g/L, which achieved a head fresh weight of (750.24 g) and a total yield of (37.50 t/ha), followed by Viviter Veg at 20 ml/L. These findings suggest that the foliar application of Pow Humus at 8 g/L is an effective strategy for maximizing the productivity and nutritional quality of cabbage, particularly for the white variety. https://kujas.uokirkuk.edu.iq/article_191711.html Bougainvillea glabra plants were the subject of this study, which was carried out at the Agricultural Research and Experiment Station connected to the University of Kirkuk's Faculty of Agriculture during 2024–2025. Saplings aged one to two years were obtained from a local nursery in Baghdad. The experiment Consist of two factors. The first factor organic fertiliser (HortiBoost10) at three concentrations (0, 2, 4 ml L⁻¹). The second factor magnesium at three concentrations (0, 3, and 6 g L-1). Giving Bougainvillea glabra magnesium and organic fertiliser (HortiBoost10) greatly enhanced its chemical and botanical traits, according to the study. The organic fertiliser treatment with 4 ml L⁻¹ resulted in an increase in plant height by 12.45%, 683.02 cm² leaf area, and 73.32% mean leaf number. The treatment also improved N, P, and K content. The best outcomes were obtained when the interaction. The greatest plant height growth rate was 13.42%, and the maximum leaf area was 932.30 cm². The leaf number rate reached 87.00% with the interaction between organic fertiliser and magnesium spraying. The improvement in leaf nitrogen content reached 1.85%, phosphorus 0.25%, and potassium 2.21% When spraying, use two different concentrations of magnesium (3, 6 g L-1) and the highest concentration of organic fertilizer (4 ml L-1). However, Magnesium fertiliser has a distinct impact at a concentration of 6 g L⁻¹, outperforming other concentrations when used alone, with a magnesium content in the leaves of 0.35% and a leaf area reaching 673.98 cm². The combined use of organic fertilizer and magnesium has a beneficial effect on the physiological and chemical functions of Bougainvillea glabra. https://kujas.uokirkuk.edu.iq/article_191743.html Two successive field experiments were conducted during the spring seasons of 2024 and 2025 at Dinaran village, located in Bardarash district, Duhok Governate, Kurdistan Region-Iraq. The objective was to inspect the growth and quantity yield response of two potato cultivars namely, (Harry and Lucinda) to foliar spraying with three concentrations of nano NPK fertilizer (0, 2 and 4g.L-1) and three concentrations of amino acid (0,3 and 6ml.L-1) in Bardarsh district due to it is considered as a famous region for potato production. The experimental treatments were organized within a split-split plot design following a randomized complete block design (R.C.B.D) with three replicates. The statistical analysis revealed that the Harry cultivar exhibited the highest significant values across most growth and yield parameters in both spring growing seasons, including leaf area (cm2), dry matter of growth (g plant-1), number of marketable tubers (tuber plant-1), marketable tuber weight (g tuber-1), marketable plant yield (kg plant-1) and overall marketable tuber yield (t ha-1). Conversely, the Lucinda cultivar showed a significant advantage in plant height (cm). The treatment with a concentration of 4g.L-1 of nano NPK fertilizer resulted in the most significant improvements across most of the studied catachrestic. Application of amino acids at both dosage 3 and 6ml.L-1 led to significant increase in all parameters compared to the control treatments in both seasons. Furthermore, the combination of treatments involving both nano NPK fertilizer and amino acids, as well as the interaction among cultivars, yielded the heights values for the studied parameters of potato plants. https://kujas.uokirkuk.edu.iq/article_191801.html This study was carried out during (2024-2025) growing season in a plastic house at the Horticulture Department, College of Agricultural Engineering Science, University of Raparin in Qaladze/Iraq, the experiment examines the impact of Algae 600 and Cal-Boron at three doses on growth, blooming, and yield as a foliar spray and their interactions on growth, chemical composition, production, and quality of strawberry at two strawberry cultivars Rubygem and Albion. Six spraying during the experiment after transplanting in 1 November 2024, first spraying of Alga 600 was done in 21 November 2024 after (20) day of the transplanting. In addition, second spraying in 12 December 2024 and third spraying in 2 January 2024. The first spraying of Cal-Boron was done in 2 December 2024, 40 days after of transplanting, second spraying done after flowering and third spraying done during fruit development. The results showed that the fertilizers (Algae 600 and Cal-Boron) had a significant effect. Specifically, they significantly influenced leaf area, reaching a value of 78.45 cm² in the Rubygem cultivar with a treatment of (8 g/L algae and 1.0 ml/L Cal-Boron). They also significantly affected fruit size, with Rubygem producing a fruit size of 13.28 cm³ under the same treatment. Moreover, the same treatment recorded a significant anthocyanin content of 42.31 mg/100 g F.W. Additionally, the interaction between (Cultivars + Fertilizers + Concentration) significantly affected leaf area, with the highest value of 88.41 cm² observed in (Rubygem + 8 g/L algae + 1.0 ml/L Cal-Boron). It also significantly influenced fruit size, reaching 19.50 cm³ in the same treatment. In comparison to untreated strawberries, the interaction of (Rubygem + 8 g/L algae + 1.0 ml/L Cal-Boron) yielded an anthocyanin value of 31.49 mg/100 g F.W., while (Albion + 0.0 algae + 0.0 Cal-Boron) served as the control. https://kujas.uokirkuk.edu.iq/article_191740.html This experience was conducted from 22/2/2025 to 10/11/2025 in Horticultural orchards at the University of Duhok, College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences, which is situated in Sumel City, Duhok Governorate, Kurdistan region of Iraq., to investigate the effects of three dosages of liquid vermicompost (0, 50 and 100 ml plant-1) and Three doses of foliar potassium spray (0, 1 and 2 g L-1) and boron (0, 20 and 40 mg L-1) on the contents of the leaves and the increase in yield of the field-grown strawberry variety "Rubygem". The strawberry field soil's physical and chemical characteristics (clay 49.7%, silt 35.2%, sand 15.1%, total N 1.242%, available P 2.013 ppm, available K 2.151 ppm), with a planting distance of 40 by 75 cm, were determined. The following parameters were noted throughout the experiment: leaf protein content percentage, Zn (mg kg -1), length of flowering period (Day), juice density (g cm-3), hectare yield (kg h-1), distorter fruits percentage, fruit anthocyanins content (mg 100 gm-1 fruit flesh weight), glucose (g 100 g-1 on fresh weight). The overall results demonstrated that the progressive addition of boron, potassium, and vermicompost rates, especially at (100 ml plant-1 vermicompost, 2 g L-1 potassium and 20 and 40 mg L-1 boron) resulted in a significant increase in most of the metrics being studied. High rates of interaction between vermicompost, potassium, and boron produced leaf protein content percentage (13.048 %), Zn (41.488 mg kg -1), length of flowering period (94.750 Day), juice density (1.308 g cm-3), hectare yield (8800.816 kg h-1), distorter fruits percentage (24.585 %), fruit anthocyanins content (24.811mg 100 gm-1 fruit flesh weight) and glucose (1.925 g 100 g-1 on fresh weight). https://kujas.uokirkuk.edu.iq/article_191938.html The economic effects of post-2003 economic reform policies in Iraq have had a clear impact on all economic sectors, including agriculture. These effects were studied using two econometric models. The first model examined the impact of unemployment, greenhouse gas emissions, and total spending on scientific research on GDP. The second model examined the impact of growth, inflation, the budget deficit, and the balance of payments on the economic growth rate. The research concluded that greenhouse gas emissions had a positive impact on GDP, while spending on research and development showed a negative impact. Unemployment, however, had a positive impact, reflecting a delayed response to some labor market variables. The results of the second model showed that inflation had positive effects, although these effects were considered acceptable and within the safe range for developing countries. The budget deficit showed a clear negative impact, while the balance of payments had a positive impact, reflecting an improved foreign trade situation and its positive effect on supporting economic growth rates. The research recommended the need to develop an economic model that suits the characteristics of the Iraqi market, with the aim of moving the economy from a state of structural imbalance to a state of long-term equilibrium, which would ensure the stability of national food security, as well as implementing economic reform programs to diversify sources of national income and reduce dependence on oil revenues, which are affected by global fluctuations, in order to ensure the sustainability of agricultural and industrial development , and working to reduce inflation levels or keep them at safe levels, while taking into account the need to preserve the purchasing power of citizens. https://kujas.uokirkuk.edu.iq/article_191944.html ABSTRACTThe rapid increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO₂) concentration, and other gases included in green house ‎gases presents one of the problems and challenges facing environment due to its effect on clime change. Thus, urgent action is needed to mitigate the risk of climate change by capturing carbon in the atmosphere., which can be done by ‎plants and soil and in natural biological processes such as photosynthesis, are absorbed and stored in biomass including soil and oceans. Efficiency of carbon sequestration by absorption through different plants with ‎photosynthesis and fixing it as ‎the carbon in plant and soil biomass, and its management between the systems is very large due to characteristics, Growth rate, production of ‎biomass, and environmental elements‎. The present study, therefore, addresses the significance of fruit trees in addition to forest as ‎a major carbon sink through their ability to store substantial amounts of carbon and how it ‎forms part of sustainable development and how to calculate the amount of carbon sequestered. ‎‎ Additionally, an impressive structural trait of fruit orchards is the long life-cycle and extensive vegetative and root systems, which provide high efficacy in atmospheric carbon sequestration. The performance of C sequestration may also be different in fruit ‎crops and their management systems given the nature of the growth, developmental, physiological processes, biomass traits, and environmental conditions. These solutions can become a key element in reducing greenhouse gas emissions and mitigating global warming, underscoring the importance of sustainable agriculture in carbon sequestration, reducing carbon dioxide levels, and mitigating global warming, thereby protecting and enhancing genetic diversity. ‎ https://kujas.uokirkuk.edu.iq/article_192248.html ABSTRACT The study was conducted during May 2023 in some locations in the Erbil plain and Bardarash sub-district of the Kurdistan Region of Iraq to examine the relationships between zinc (Zn) availability and several key soil parameters - total CaCO3, active CaCO3, phosphorus, and bicarbonate ions (HCO₃⁻) - in calcareous soils. Zinc is an essential micronutrient required for optimal plant growth and physiological functioning, playing vital roles in enzyme activation, protein synthesis, regulation of growth hormones, and numerous metabolic pathways. However, Zn availability in soil is highly variable and strongly affected by multiple interacting chemical and physical properties, particularly in calcareous soils, where high carbonate content often limits micronutrient mobility and uptake. Thirteen paired soil and plant samples were collected to assess both soil Zn concentrations and corresponding plant uptake. The results revealed considerable spatial variation in soil Zn levels. Sample S6 contained the lowest Zn concentration (0.13 mg.g⁻¹), while sample S7 exhibited the highest value (0.65 mg.g⁻¹). Notably, S7 also recorded the lowest total CaCO₃ content (10.9%) and active CaCO₃ content (5.0%), whereas S6 recorded among the highest total CaCO₃ content (35.8%), consistent with an inverse relationship between carbonate content and Zn availability. Statistical analyses identified significant negative correlations between Zn concentration and active CaCO₃ (r = –0.52 in soil, r = –0.578 in plant, p < 0.05) and total CaCO₃ (r = –0.565 in soil, r = –0.613 in plant, p < 0.05) across both soil and plant datasets, suggesting that elevated CaCO₃ levels markedly reduce Zn bioavailability, likely by enhancing Zn adsorption or precipitation within the soil matrix. Additionally, a highly significant positive correlation (r = 0.952, p < 0.01) was found between soil Zn and plant Zn content, indicating that plant uptake is closely governed by the soil's Zn status. https://kujas.uokirkuk.edu.iq/article_192249.html This study was designed to evaluate the effectiveness of gibberellin (GA3) priming and nano-NPK fertilizer application on the growth, flowering, and bulb production of four Narcissus cultivars. The experiment was conducted in Pirmam, Erbil Province, from October 15, 2024, to May 22, 2025. Treatments included four cultivars Little Princess, Golden Delicious, The Bride, and the local Aqra were used, bulb soaking with GA3 at concentrations of 0 and 100 mg L⁻¹ for 24 hours, combined with foliar spraying of nano-NPK fertilizer at concentrations of 0, 50, and 100 mg L⁻¹. Our findings demonstrated that the cultivars had a significant effect the highest values of 48.99 cm, 5.97 g and 40.68 cm for plant height, leaves dry weight and flower stalk lenghth, respectively, were recorded for Golden delicious cultivar, and the highest average of 17.83 days and 2.06 were recorded for flower coordination date and bulbest produce, respectively, of Local Aqre cultivar. Moreover, GA₃ at 100 mg L⁻¹ resulted in a significant increase in plant height, chlorophyll, flower coordination date, bulb volume and bulbest produce 48.99 cm, 64.83, 16.81 days, 45.27 cm3 and 1.69, respectively. The interaction among Narcissus cultivars, GA₃ priming concentrations, and nano-NPK fertilizer levels exerted significant effects on flowering and yield-related traits, including leaf area, flowering date, flowering synchronization, flower stalk length, bulb volume, and bulblet number. For leaf area, the highest values were recorded in The Bride cultivar, reaching 88.01 cm² and 87.93 cm² under treatments of 0 and 100 mg·L⁻¹ GA₃ combined with 100 mg·L⁻¹ nano-fertilizer, respectively. The earliest flowering was observed in the local Aqra cultivar, particularly under 100 mg·L⁻¹ GA₃ with 100 mg·L⁻¹ nano-fertilizer, achieving a minimum of 137.33 days to flowering. Flowering coordination date was markedly enhanced in The Bride cultivar with higher GA₃ and nano-fertilizer doses, extending up to 20.00 days. https://kujas.uokirkuk.edu.iq/article_192250.html This study was conducted to evaluate the distribution of magnesium fractions and their relationship with soil properties in ten representative calcareous soils from the Duhok governorate, Iraqi-Kurdistan region, including Baedra, Sulav, Rashank, Sarsing, Qadish, Heteet, Darhozan, Mahet, Girguran, and Zawita. Soil samples were air-dried, ground, and sieved to 2 mm to assess physical and chemical properties as well as magnesium forms, including organic, acid-soluble, exchangeable, mineral, and total magnesium. The studied soils exhibited slightly alkaline pH, calcareous characteristics, and textures ranging from clay to sandy clay loam, with non-saline conditions. Organic magnesium constituted a small portion of total magnesium (approximately 6-9%), showing a strong positive correlation with organic matter and moderate correlations with potassium and itself. Acid-soluble magnesium represented 35-52% of total magnesium and was positively correlated with organic matter and exchangeable magnesium. Exchangeable magnesium accounted for roughly 11-21% of total magnesium and correlated strongly with soil pH and active calcium carbonate content. Mineral magnesium comprised 21-56% of total magnesium and correlated significantly with exchangeable magnesium. Total magnesium showed significant positive relationships with organic matter, exchangeable magnesium, and acid-soluble magnesium, highlighting the interconnectedness of these fractions in calcareous soils. These findings indicate that exchangeable and acid-soluble magnesium are the most influential fractions, emphasizing the importance of managing soil organic matter and carbonate levels to optimize magnesium availability. This, in turn, has implications for soil fertility, crop nutrition, and sustainable management practices in calcareous soils of the Duhok. By focusing on essential findings and their practical relevance, this study provides a clear overview of magnesium fraction dynamics, offering guidance for improved soil management and agricultural productivity.