The causes and degree of salinization of Iraqi lands and the possibility of treating them biologically (Review)

Alhadidi, Khalid Ekhleyf; Abdulsalam, Ahmed Khairuldeen; Sbak, Abd Al_kader Abash

doi:10.58928/ku24.15114

Authors

Department of Soil Sciences and Water, College of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Mosul, Mosul, Iraq.

Document Type : Review Paper

10.58928/ku24.15114

Abstract

The problem of salinization of agricultural lands in Iraq is one of the main problems that led to the deterioration of the agricultural sector, and the high levels of salinization in the soil not only means the loss of more agricultural lands, but also a decrease in its productivity. Reports indicated that 60-70% of the lands in central and southern Iraq It was affected by salinity and became outside agricultural exploitation, and the agricultural expansion horizontally and vertically in Nineveh Governorate led to the transformation of demi-cultivating into irrigated agriculture for most areas of the governorate, but the agricultural misuse and waste in the use of water turned most of the soils into affected by salts.
In order to improve plant growth and agricultural production in salt-affected soils, excess salts must be removed from the root zone. As for the commonly used methods for the reclamation of these soils, they are the scraping of salts from the surface, which are suitable for soils with little permeability, and washing using large quantities of water with cultivation, and taking into account that saline soils prevail in arid and semi-arid regions, in addition to the scarcity of water in these areas, in addition to the costs exorbitantthis method is considered useless, and recently there has been increased interest in using modern technologies to treat the problems of soils affected by salts and through the concept of auxiliary plants (plant – assisted concept) within the method of phytoremediation, which includes growing plants capable of collecting salts and harvesting them in order to rid them from the soil In addition to the possibility of irrigating it with salty water due to the scarcity of fresh water.

Keywords

Main Subjects

Soil science and water resources

References

[1] FAO.;(2011). Country pasture / forage resource profiles : Iraq . FAO , Rome , Italy . p: 34.

[2] Rengasamy ,P.;(2018). IrrigationWater Quality and Soil Structural Stability: A Perspective with Some New Insights School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, Prescott Building, Waite Campus, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5005 SA, Australia.

[3] Pessoal,L.; B.Maria, and L.Rento (2019). Salin water irrigation in semiarid region effects on soil chemical properties.Australin Journal of Crop Science .13(70):1169-1176.

[4] Osman, K.T.; (2018). Saline and Sodic Soils, in: Osman, K.T. (Ed.), Management of Soil Problems. Springer International Publishing, Cham, pp. 255–298.

[5] Saleh, S.M,; M.S Salah and H.D. Ali (2019). Study of Morphological, Physical and Chemical Characteristics of Salt Affected Soils Using Remote Sensing Technologies at Basrah Province. Basrah J. Agric. Sci., 32(Spec. Issue 2): 105-125.

[6] Bauder, J. W.; and T. A. Brock (2001).Irrigation water quality, soil amendment, and crop effects on sodium leaching" Arid Land Research and Management . 15: 101-113.

[7] Abboud, Muhammad Reda and Laith Salim Salman (2014) Washing salty soils (sabkha) using different types of water and their effect on some chemical and physical properties of the soil, Al Furat Journal of Agricultural Sciences (6) (4) 214-232.

[8] Al-Zubaidi, Ahmed Haider. (1989). Soil salinity - Theoretical and applied foundations. Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research, University of Baghdad - House of Wisdom.

[9] Pessarakli, M. and I. Szabolcs. (2011). Soil Salinity and sodicity as particubr plant/ crop stress factors. In: M. pessarakli M. (ed.) Handbook of plant and crop stress CRC press. NY.

[10] Shabala, S. and A. Mackay. (2011). Ion transport in Halophytes. P.152-187. In I. Turkan (ed). Plant responses to drought and Salinity stress. Academic press. Amst radam.

[9] Al – Taie, F. 1970. Salt affected and water logged soils in Iraq. Report to seminar on method of amelioration of saline and water logged soils.

[10] FAO.;(2011). Country pasture / forage resource profiles : Iraq . FAO , Rome , Italy . p: 34.

[11] Dieleman,P.J.;(1963) Reclamation of salt affected Soils in Iraq. Publ. No.11 .

[12] Shannon, M.C. (1997) Adaptation of plants to salinity Adr. Argon. 60: 75-120.

[13] Siler, B.; Misic, D.; Filipovic,B.; Cvefric, T. and A. Mijovic. (2007). Effect of salinity on in vitro growth photosynthesis of common centaury. Arch. Biol. Sci.Belgrade. 59(2): 129-134.

[14] LeHouerou.H.N (1993). Salt-tolerance plants for the arid regions of theMediterranean isoclimatic zone. In: Towards the Rational Use of High Salinity Tolerant plants. Yoll.pp. 403-422. Kluwer Academicpublishers, Dordrecht.

[15] Pessarakli, M. and I. Szabolcs. (2011). Soil Salinity and sodicity as particubr plant/ crop stress factors. In: M. pessarakli M. (ed.) Handbook of plant and crop stress CRC press. NY.

[16]Hamidov A.; V. Khaydarova; M. Khamidov; A.Neves and J. Beltrao( 2007). Reclamation of saline soils using Apocynum Lancifolium and Chenopodium Album. Int. Conf. on energy, environment, ecosystems and sustainable development. Greece.

[17] Al- Nasir, F. (2009). Bioreclamotion of a saline sodic soil in a semiarid region/ Jordan. American- Eurasian J. Agric. & Environ. Sci. 5(5): 701- 706.

[18] Hamidov A.; V. Khaydarova; M. Khamidov; A.Neves and J. Beltrao( 2007). Reclamation of saline soils using Apocynum Lancifolium and Chenopodium Album. Int. Conf. on energy, environment, ecosystems and sustainable development. Greece.

[19] Shabala, S. and A. Mackay. (2011). Ion transport in Halophytes. P.152-187. In I. Turkan (ed). Plant responses to drought and Salinity stress. Academic press. Amst radam.

[20] Apse, M.P.;G.S. Aharon G.S.; Snedden W.A. and Blumwald. E. (1999). Salt tolerance conferred by overexpression of a vacuolar Na+/H+ antiport in Arabidopsis. Science 285: 1256-1258.

[21]Albert, R.;G. Pfundner ;G. Hertenberger ;T. Kastenbauer ; M. Watzaka. (2000). The physiotype approach to understanding halophytes and xerophytes. In: Breckle S.W, Schweizer B., Arndt U. eds. Ergebniue weltweiter okologiscber, Germans

[22] Shabala, S. and A. Mackay. (2011). Ion transport in Halophytes. P.152-187. In I. Turkan (ed). Plant responses to drought and Salinity stress. Academic press. Amst radam.

[23]Ungar, I.A. (1996). Effect of salinity on seed germination, growth and ion accumulation of Atriplex patula. American J. Botany. 83: 604-607.

[24] Mian A., Senadheera and F.T.M.Maathuis (2011).Improving Crop Salt Tolerance : Mian A., Senadheera and F.T.M.Maathuis (2011).Improving Crop

[25]Glenn, E.; J. Brown and E. Blumwald. (1999). Salt tolerance and crop potential of halophytes. Critical Reviews in Plant Science 18:227-255.

[26]Glenn, E.; and J.W. O'Leary (1994). Relationship between salt accumulation and water content of dicotyledonous halophytes. Plant, Cell and Envionment.7 :253-261.

[27]Monousaki,E. and N. Kalogerakis. (2011). Halophytes present new opportunities in phytoremediation of heavy metals and saline soils./nd. Eng. Chem. Res. 50, 656- 660.

Article View: 444
PDF Download: 237

Kirkuk University Journal for Agricultural Sciences (KUJAS)

The causes and degree of salinization of Iraqi lands and the possibility of treating them biologically (Review)

References

References

Volume 15, Issue 1
March 2024
Page 92-97

The causes and degree of salinization of Iraqi lands and the possibility of treating them biologically (Review)

References

References

Volume 15, Issue 1March 2024Page 92-97

Volume 15, Issue 1
March 2024
Page 92-97