Abstract
This study was conducted in an unheated greenhouse during the 2022 and 2023 growing seasons at the Malta Forest Nursery of the General Directorate of Forests and Rangeland / Duhok city, Duhok governorate, Kurdistan region- Iraq, at an elevation of “526” meters above sea level. The research aimed to investigate the effects of planting dates (15th September, 1st October and 15th October), chilling periods (0, 10 and 20 days) and foliar applications of nitrogen and phosphorus (0 and 100/100), as well as their bilateral and triple interactions on the flowering characteristics of the strawberry plant cv. Rubygem in hydroponic system. The lowest number of days to flowering obtained on 15th October for two growing season 57.708 and 60.792 days respectively. Whereas longest period to flowering was obtained on 15th September in both seasons 72.333 and 73.542 days respectively. Planting date 1st October resulted in a significant increase in number of flowers per plant which reached 18.042 and 16.167, The setting % of flowers, length of flowering period for two growing season 73 and 70.625 days. Chilling periods of 20 days significantly increase the number of flowers per plants, length of flowering period and vitality of pollen. In both growing seasons spraying plants with N/P 100/100 ratio increase the number of flowers per plants 18.222-16.083, setting % of flowers, length of flowering period for both years 73.472 and 71.028 days and vitality of pollen. Both bilateral and triple interaction between the three factors significantly effect on most traits in both growing seasons.
Main Subjects
[1]. Finn, C. E., Retamales, J. B., Lobos, G. A., & Hancock, J. F. (2013). The Chilean strawberry (Fragaria chiloensis): Over 1000 years of domestication. HortScience, 48(4), 418-421. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21273/HORTSCI.48.4.418
[2]. Wilson, D., Goodall, A., & Reeves, J. (1973). An improved technique for the germination of strawberry seeds. Euphytica, 22, 362-366. DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00022647
[3]. Green, A. (1971). Soft fruits. The biochemistry of fruits and their products, 2, 375-410
[4]. Sharma, R. R., & Singh, R. (2008). GA3 influences incidence of fruit malformation, berry yield and fruit quality in strawberry (Fragaria× ananassa Duch.). In VI International Strawberry Symposium 842 (pp. 737-740). DOI. 10.17660/ActaHortic.2009.842.160
[5]. Graham, J. (2005). Fragaria strawberry. In Biotechnology of fruit and nut crops (pp. 456-474). Wallingford UK: CAB International. https://doi.org/10.1079/9780851996622.0456
Durner E.F., Barden J.A., Himelrick D.G., Poling E.B.
flower and runner development in day-neutral, June
bearing, and everbearing strawberries. Journal of
the American Society for Horticultural Science
109(3): 396–400.
Durner E.F., Barden J.A., Himelrick D.G., Poling E.B.
flower and runner development in day-neutral, June
bearing, and everbearing strawberries. Journal of
the American Society for Horticultural Science
109(3): 396–400.
[6]. Maas, J. L. (1986). Photoperiod and temperature effects on starch accumulation in strawberry roots. Advances in Strawberry Production, Vol. 5, No. Spring, 22-24 ref. 10
[7]. Durner, E. F., Barden, J. A., Himelrick, D. G., & Poling, E. B. (1984). Photoperiod and temperature effects on flower and runner development in day-neutral, Junebearing, and everbearing strawberries. Vol. 109, No. 3, 396-400 ref. 24
[8]. Ludilov, V. A., & Ludilova, M. I. (1975). Application of high rate of mineral fertilizers in capsicums and eggplant. Nauchnye Turdy NII Ovoshch. Khva, 3, 58-63
[9]. Rahman, M. M., Rahman, M. M., Hossain, M. M., Khaliq, Q. A., & Moniruzzaman, M. (2014). Effect of planting time and genotypes growth, yield and quality of strawberry (Fragaria× ananassa Duch.). Scientia Horticulturae, 167, 56-62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2013.12.027
[10]. Zheng, J., Yang, B., Tuomasjukka, S., Ou, S., & Kallio, H. (2009). Effects of latitude and weather conditions on contents of sugars, fruit acids, and ascorbic acid in black currant (Ribes nigrum L.) juice. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 57(7), 2977-2987. doi: 10.1021/jf8034513
[11]. Bhamini, K., Rani, R., Patel, V. B., Jha, R. N., & Vijay, A. K. (2017). Effect of planting dates on plant growth, yield and quality in different strawberry (Fragaria× ananassa) varieties in subtropics of eastern India. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 87(12), 1650-6
[12]. Jóhannsson, M. H., & Stephenson, A. G. (1998). Effects of temperature during microsporogenesis on pollen performance in Cucurbita pepo L.(Cucurbitaceae). International journal of plant sciences, 159(4), 616-626
[13]. Pratumjon, S., Machikowa, T., & Wonprasaid, S. Strawberry Flowering Induction by Artificially Low Temperature and Day Light
[14]. Millard, P., & Robinson, D. (1990). Effect of the timing and rate of nitrogen fertilization on the growth and recovery of fertilizer nitrogen within the potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) crop. Fertilizer research, 21, 133-140
[15]. FAO. (2023). Agricultural data/Agricultural production/Crops primary
[WWW Document]. FAOSTAT. https://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QCL
[16]. Swietlik, D., & Faust, M. (1984). Foliar nutrition of fruit crops. Hort. Rev, 6, 287-355. DOI:10.1002/9781118060797
', './data/kras/coversheet/241771182320.png'))
