Authors
1
Department of Field Crops, College of Agriculture, Kirkuk University, Kirkuk, Iraq.
2
Department of Field Crops, College of Agriculture, University of Basrah, Iraq.
3
Department of Medicinal and Industrial Plants, College of Medicinal and Industrial Plants, University Kirkuk, Kirkuk, Iraq.
4
Department of Plant Production, College of Agriculture, University of Science and Technology, Jordan.
,
Document Type : Review Paper
Abstract
The genetic stability of genotypes under fluctuating environmental conditions is one of the most important elements in plant breeding programs. These factors enable breeders to make decisions regarding the adaptability of different genotypes to various environments. However, reactions of different genotypes to extreme environmental factors such as water stress, high temperatures, salinity, and other stresses complicate the choice of superior genotypes. So, analysis of genetic stability (in particular, the AMMI model) and estimation of GEI could be one of the most important criteria that plant breeders should take into consideration. In this regard, plant breeders use various statistical tools and methods for the detection of stable and high-yielding genotypes across environments. Of the many tools available, AMMI Biplot is one such important and effective methodology. This method is capable of showing those genotypes which combine genetic stability with productivity in various environments. Such genotypes are considered stable due to their superior genetic makeup and resilience to changeable environmental conditions. The AMMI-Biplot technique has been very efficient in the analysis of GEI and in the identification of superior genotypes. In the plant varieties, genetic stability is thought of as a multivariate character that is a consequence of the interaction of thousands of gene pairs with various environmental factors, therefore causing wide variations in the phenotypic expression of the characters. Genetically stable genotypes possess a high level of adaptability to diverse approved environments. The importance of this interaction in agriculture rests on the fact that testing of varieties in more than one environment is a pre-requisite for its approval, as well as for selecting a suitable environment and the development of genetically stable varieties resistant to environmental fluctuations.
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