Kirkuk University Journal for Agricultural Sciences (KUJAS)

Comparative Analysis of Nutritional Value, Mineral Composition, and Phytochemical Profiles in Imported and Locally Grown Grains

https://doi.org/10.58928/ku25.16226
Volume 16, Issue 2 - Issue Serial Number 2
Spring 2025
Page 213-232
Kirkuk University Journal for Agricultural Sciences (KUJAS)

Document Type : Research Paper

Author

Shara Salih Ali

Sulaimani polytechnic University

Abstract
Crops cultivated locally are considered among the most important crops worldwide because of their abundance of essential nutrients and significant economic potential. This study evaluates the nutritional value, mineral composition, and phytochemical compound of locally cultivated grains in comparison with imported varieties available in the Sulaimani governorate of Iraq. Locally grown wheat, lentils, chickpeas, and maize were sourced from the directorate of agricultural research which promotes high quality product from regional farmers, while imported grains were obtained from a retail outlet known for its diverse offerings and high consumer demand. Results revealed that locally grown chickpeas had the highest fat content (5.23%), while lentils exhibited superior protein levels (25.11%) and the highest dietary fiber composition (29.31%). Additionally, local maize and wheat displayed the highest carbohydrate (73.87%) and moisture (13.07%) contents, respectively. Mineral analysis demonstrated that local grains consistently exhibited high concentrations of essential minerals. Lentils contained notable levels of iron, zinc, manganese, and potassium (7.69, 4.80, 16.36, and 957.33 mg/100g, respectively), while chickpeas were rich in magnesium and calcium (136.13 and 158.80 mg/100g, respectively). Enhanced energy composition observed in these local crops is likely attributed to a combination of genetic factors and favorable environmental conditions. Furthermore, the assessment of phytochemical constituents namely phenolic compounds, flavonoids, and tannins indicated a more robust antioxidant profile in locally produced maize grain (174.25, 5.77 and 46.70 mg/100g) relative to imported counterparts, respectively. The findings underscore the potential benefits of local crop cultivation to enhance food security and promote sustainable agricultural practices while delivering economic and health advantages to the community. The correlation analysis indicated that there is a strong positive correlation between protein and dietary fiber , while strong negative correlations exist between protein and carbohydrate (g), and phenolic acids and ash, with weaker correlations seen in other cases, such as Mg and Mn.

Keywords

Phenolic compounds
flavonoids
tannins
nutritional value
mineral content
plant compounds
Subjects
  • Ebi KL, Anderson CL, Hess JJ, Kim S-H, Loladze I, Neumann RB,. Nutritional quality of crops in a high CO2 world: an agenda for research and technology development. Environmental Research Letters. 2021;16(6):064045. DOI: 1088/1748-9326/abfcfa.
  • DESA U. The great green technological transformation. World economic and social survey New York: UN DESA. 2011. URL:https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/policy/wess/wess_current/2011wess.pdf
  • Vetter S. Development and sustainable management of rangeland commons–aligning policy with the realities of South Africa's rural landscape. African journal of range & forage science. 2013;30 (1-2):1-9. DOI: 2989/10220119.2012.750628
  • Dubois O. The state of the world's land and water resources for food and agriculture: managing systems at risk: Earthscan; 2011. URL: https://rb.gy/4ee3vf
  • Khush GS, Lee S, Cho J-I, Jeon J-S. Biofortification of crops for reducing malnutrition. Plant biotechnology reports. 2012;6:195-202. DOI: 1007/s11816-012-0216-5
  • SonawAne SK, AryA SS. Plant seed proteins: chemistry, technology and applications. Current Research in Nutrition and Food Science Journal. 2018;6(2):461-9. DOI: 12944/CRNFSJ.12.1.04
  • Naz S, Fatima Z, Iqbal P, Khan A, Zakir I, Noreen S, . Agronomic crops: types and uses. Agronomic Crops: Volume 1: Production Technologies. 2019:1-18. DOI: 1007/978-981-32-9151-5
  • Bali AS, Sidhu GPS. Growth and morphological changes of agronomic crops under abiotic stress. Agronomic Crops: Volume 3: Stress Responses and Tolerance. 2020:1-11. DOI: 10.1007/978-981-15-0025-1_1
  • Magyar Z, Pepó P, Gyimes E. Comprehensive study on wheat flour quality attributes as influence by different agrotechnical factors. 2021. DOI: 10.15159/AR.21.011
  • Moldes A, Vecino X, Cruz J. Nutraceuticals and food additives. Current developments in biotechnology and bioengineering: Elsevier; 2017. p. 143-64. DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-444-63666-9.00006-6.
  • Tharanathan R, Mahadevamma S. Grain legumes—a boon to human nutrition. Trends in Food Science & Technology. 2003;14(12):507-18. DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2003.07.002
  • Bhat Z, Kumar S, Bhat HF. Bioactive peptides from egg: a review. Nutrition & Food Science. 2015;45(2):190-212. DOI: 10.1108/NFS-10-2014-0088
  • Saka J, Ajibade S, Adeniyan O, Olowoyo R, Ogunbodede B. Survey of underutilized grain legume production systems in the southwest agricultural zone of Nigeria. Journal of agricultural & food information. 2004;6(2-3):93-108. DOI: 10.1300/J108v06n02_08
  • Taylor J, Taylor JRN, Kini F. Cereal biofortification: Strategies, challenges and benefits. 2012. DOI: 10.1094/CFW-57-4-0165
  • Ram H, Singh S, Gupta N, Kumar B. Biofortified wheat for mitigating malnutrition. Biofortification of food crops. 2016:375-85. DOI: 10.1007/978-81-322-2716-8_27
  • Campos-Vega R, Loarca-Piña G, Oomah BD. Minor components of pulses and their potential impact on human health. Food research international. 2010;43(2):461-82. DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2009.09.004
  • Roy F, Boye J, Simpson B. Bioactive proteins and peptides in pulse crops: Pea, chickpea and lentil. Food research international. 2010;43(2):432-42. DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2009.09.002
  • ISLAND N. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome. 2005. URL:
  • https://openknowledge.fao.org/server/api/core/bitstreams/95617126-988d-4799-865f-
  • 094293229b3d/content
  • Satya S, Kaushik G, Naik S. Processing of food legumes: a boon to human nutrition. Mediterranean Journal of Nurition and Metabolism. 2010;3(3):183-95. DOI: 10.3233/s12349-010-0017-8
  • Jood S, Bishnoi S, Sharma A. Chemical analysis and physico‐chemical properties of chickpea and lentil cultivars. Food/Nahrung. 1998;42(02):71-4. DOI: 10.1002/(SICI)1521-3803(199804)

 

  • Kumar R, Srinivas K, Sivaramane N. Assessment of the maize situation, outlook and investment opportunities in India. Country Report–Regional Assessment Asia (MAIZE-CRP), National Academy of Agricultural Research Management, Hyderabad, India. 2013;133. URL:
  • https://shorturl.at/Rs9Ay
  • Hossain F, Sarika K, Muthusamy V, Zunjare RU, Gupta HS. Quality protein maize for nutritional security. Quality breeding in field crops. 2019:217-37. DOI: 10.1080/23311932.2016.1166995
  • Gwirtz JA, Garcia‐Casal MN. Processing maize flour and corn meal food products. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 2014;1312(1):66-75. DOI: 10.1111/nyas.12299
  • Rouf Shah T, Prasad K, Kumar P. Maize—A potential source of human nutrition and health: A review. Cogent Food & Agriculture. 2016;2(1):1166995. DOI: 10.1080/23311932.2016.1166995
  • Poutanen KS, Kårlund AO, Gómez-Gallego C, Johansson DP, Scheers NM, Marklinder IM, . Grains–a major source of sustainable protein for health. Nutrition reviews. 2022;80(6):1648-63. DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuab084  
  • Garutti M, Nevola G, Mazzeo R, Cucciniello L, Totaro F, Bertuzzi CA, . The impact of cereal grain composition on the health and disease outcomes. Frontiers in nutrition. 2022;9:888974. DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.888974
  • Khan J, Khan MZ, Ma Y, Meng Y, Mushtaq A, Shen Q, . Overview of the composition of whole grains’ phenolic acids and dietary fibre and their effect on chronic non-communicable diseases. International journal of environmental research and public health. 2022;19(5):3042. DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19053042
  • Kamal GM, Liaquat A, Noreen A, Sabir A, Saqib M, Khalid M, . Phytochemical Profile of Cereal Grains.  Cereal Grains: CRC Press; 2023. p. 177-93. URL: https://shorturl.at/ozsTd
  • Van Hung P. Phenolic compounds of cereals and their antioxidant capacity. Critical reviews in food science and nutrition. 2016;56(1):25-35. DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2012.708909
  • Banothu V, Uma A. Effect of biotic and abiotic stresses on plant metabolic pathways. Phenolic Compounds—Chemistry, Synthesis, Diversity, Non-Conventional Industrial, Pharmaceutical and Therapeutic Applications. 2022. DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.99796 
  • Kabera JN, Semana E, Mussa AR, He X. Plant secondary metabolites: biosynthesis, classification, function and pharmacological properties. J Pharm Pharmacol. 2014;2(7):377-92. DOI: 10.1007/978-981-16-4779-6_14 
  • Musilova L, Ridl J, Polivkova M, Macek T, Uhlik O. Effects of secondary plant metabolites on microbial populations: changes in community structure and metabolic activity in contaminated environments. International journal of molecular sciences. 2016;17(8):1205. DOI: 10.1007/978-981-16-4779-6_14 
  • Bruni R, Sacchetti G. Factors affecting polyphenol biosynthesis in wild and field grown St. John’s Wort (Hypericum perforatum L. Hypericaceae/Guttiferae). Molecules. 2009;14(2):682-725. DOI; 10.3390/molecules14020682 
  • Dias MC, Pinto DC, Silva AM. Plant flavonoids: Chemical characteristics and biological activity. Molecules. 2021;26(17):5377. DOI: 10.3390/molecules26175377 
  • Wu J, Lv S, Zhao L, Gao T, Yu C, Hu J, . Advances in the study of the function and mechanism of the action of flavonoids in plants under environmental stresses. Planta. 2023;257(6):108. DOI: 10.1007/s00425-023-04136-w 
  • Chen Y, Wang F, Wu Z, Jiang F, Yu W, Yang J, . Effects of long-term nitrogen fertilization on the formation of metabolites related to tea quality in subtropical China. Metabolites. 2021;11(3):146. DOI: 10.3390/metabo11030146 
  • Strzemski M, Dzida K, Dresler S, Sowa I, Kurzepa J, Szymczak G, . Nitrogen fertilisation decreases the yield of bioactive compounds in Carlina acaulis L. grown in the field. Industrial Crops and Products. 2021;170:113698. DOI: 10.1016/j.indcrop.2021.113698
  • Hao D, Luan Y, Wang Y, Xiao P. Unveiling nitrogen fertilizer in medicinal plant cultivation. Agronomy. 2024;14(8):1647. DOI: 10.1016/j.indcrop.2021.113698 
  • Li X. Plant cell wall chemistry: Implications for ruminant utilisation. Journal of Applied Animal Nutrition. 2021;9(1):31-56. DOI: 10.3920/jaan2020.0017 
  • Oluwole O, Fernando WB, Lumanlan J, Ademuyiwa O, Jayasena V. Role of phenolic acid, tannins, stilbenes, lignans and flavonoids in human health–a review. International Journal of Food Science & Technology. 2022;57(10):6326-35. DOI: 10.1111/ijfs.15936
  • Chand S, Indu, Singhal RK, Govindasamy P. Agronomical and breeding approaches to improve the nutritional status of forage crops for better livestock productivity. Grass and Forage Science. 2022;77(1):11-32. DOI: 10.1111/gfs.12557
  • Cullis C, Kunert KJ. Unlocking the potential of orphan legumes. Journal of experimental botany. 2017;68(8):1895-903. DOI: /10.1093/jxb/erw437 
  • Lee J, Nam DS, Kong C. Variability in nutrient composition of cereal grains from different origins. SpringerPlus. 2016;5(1):1-6. DOI: 10.1186/s40064-016-2046-3 
  • Lev-Yadun S, Gopher A, Abbo S. The cradle of agriculture. Science. 2000;288(5471):1602-3. DOI: 10.1126/science.1086677 
  • FAO F. Food and Agriculture Organization. 2011. URL: http://faostat. fao. org/site/291/default.aspx.
  • Taylor PW, Ford R. Chickpea. Pulses, Sugar and Tuber Crops: Springer; 2007. p. 109-21. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-34516-9_6 
  • Ibrikci H, Knewtson SJ, Grusak MA. Chickpea leaves as a vegetable green for humans: evaluation of mineral composition. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture. 2003;83(9):945-50. DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.1427 
  • Chavan J, Kadam S, Salunkhe D, Beuchat LR. Biochemistry and technology of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) seeds. Critical Reviews in Food Science & Nutrition. 1987;25(2):107-58. DOI: 10.1080/10408398709527449 
  • Gecit H. Chickpea utilization in Turkey. Uses of Tropical Grain Legumes. 1989;27:69. URL: https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/211009323.pdf#page=76
  • Abbo S, Gopher A, Rubin B, Lev-Yadun S. On the origin of Near Eastern founder crops and the ‘dump-heap hypothesis’. Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution. 2005;52:491-5. DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4020-6065-6_11 
  • Guan W, Zhang D, Tan B. Effect of Layered Debranning Processing on the Proximate Composition, Polyphenol Content, and Antioxidant Activity of Whole Grain Wheat. Journal of Food Processing and Preservation. 2023;2023. DOI: 10.1155/2023/1083867
  • AOAC. Official Methods of Food Analysis. 15th ed. Washington, DC, USA: Association of Official Analytical Chemists; 2000. DOI: 10.1002/jps.2600650148 
  • Wireko-Manu FD, Amamoo C. Comparative studies on proximate and some mineral composition of selected local rice varieties and imported rice brands in Ghana. 2017. DOI: 10.20448/journal.512.2017.41.1.7 
  • Horwitz W. Official methods of analysis of AOAC International. Volume I, agricultural chemicals, contaminants, drugs/edited by William Horwitz: Gaithersburg (Maryland): AOAC International, 1997.; 2010. DOI: 10.1093/9780197610145.003.1885 
  • Singleton VL, Orthofer R, Lamuela-Raventós RM. [14] Analysis of total phenols and other oxidation substrates and antioxidants by means of folin-ciocalteu reagent. Methods in enzymology. 299: Elsevier; 1999. p. 152-78. DOI: 10.1016/s0076-6879(99)99017-1 
  • Meda A, Lamien CE, Romito M, Millogo J, Nacoulma OG. Determination of the total phenolic, flavonoid and proline contents in Burkina Fasan honey, as well as their radical scavenging activity. Food chemistry. 2005;91(3):571-7. DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2004.10.006 
  • Jahan F, Vasam G, Cariaco Y, Nik-Akhtar A, Green A, Menzies KJ, . NAD+ depletion is central to placental dysfunction in an inflammatory subclass of preeclampsia. Life Science Alliance. 2024;7(12). DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202302505 
  • Yegrem L. Nutritional composition, antinutritional factors, and utilization trends of Ethiopian chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.). International journal of food science. 2021;2021:1-10. DOI: 10.1155/2021/5570753 
  • Madurapperumage A, Tang L, Thavarajah P, Bridges W, Shipe E, Vandemark G, . Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) as a source of essential fatty acids–a biofortification approach. Frontiers in Plant Science. 2021;12:734980. DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.734980 
  • Rachwa-Rosiak D, Nebesny E, Budryn G. Chickpeas—composition, nutritional value, health benefits, application to bread and snacks: a review. Critical reviews in food science and nutrition. 2015;55(8):1137-45. DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2012.687418 
  • Jukanti AK, Gaur PM, Gowda C, Chibbar RN. Nutritional quality and health benefits of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.): a review. British Journal of Nutrition. 2012;108(S1):S11-S26. DOI: 10.1017/s0007114512000797 
  • Yadav SS, Chen W. Chickpea breeding and management: CABI; 2007. DOI: 10.1079/9781845932138.00
  • Ramdath DD, Lu Z-H, Maharaj PL, Winberg J, Brummer Y, Hawke A. Proximate analysis and nutritional evaluation of tnty Canadian lentils by principal component and cluster analyses. Foods. 2020;9(2):175. DOI: 10.3390/foods9020175 
  • Amegbor I, Van Biljon A, Shargie N, Tarekegne A, Labuschagne M. Identifying quality protein maize inbred lines for improved nutritional value of maize in Southern Africa. Foods. 2022;11(7):898. DOI: 10.3390/foods11070898 
  • Alomari DZ, Schierenbeck M, Alqudah AM, Alqahtani MD, Wagner S, Rolletschek H, . Wheat grains as a sustainable source of protein for health. Nutrients. 2023;15(20):4398. DOI: 10.3390/nu15204398 
  • Ahmed K, Shoaib M, Akhtar MN, Iqbal Z. Chemical analysis of different cereals to access nutritional components vital for human health. International Journal of Chemical and Biochemical Sciences. 2014;6:61-7. URL: https://rb.gy/njr29v
  • Yankah N, Intiful FD, Tette EM. Comparative study of the nutritional composition of local brown rice, maize (obaatanpa), and millet—A baseline research for varietal complementary feeding. Food science & nutrition. 2020;8(6):2692-8. DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.1556 
  • Joshi M, Timilsena Y, Adhikari B. Global production, processing and utilization of lentil: A review. Journal of integrative agriculture. 2017;16(12):2898-913. DOI: 10.1016/s2095-3119(17)61793-3 
  • Khazaei H, Subedi M, Nickerson M, Martínez-Villaluenga C, Frias J, Vandenberg A. Seed protein of lentils: Current status, progress, and food applications. Foods. 2019;8(9):391. DOI: 10.3390/foods8090391 
  • Badshah a, Khan m, Bibi n, Khan m, Ali s, Ashraf Chaudry M. Quality studies of newly evolved chickpea cultivars. Advances in food sciences. 2003;25(3):96-9. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2621.2006.01246.x 
  • Simón MR, Fleitas MC, Castro AC, Schierenbeck M. How foliar fungal diseases affect nitrogen dynamics, milling, and end-use quality of wheat. Frontiers in Plant Science. 2020;11:569401. DOI: 10.3923/pjn.2010.1113.1117 
  • Kumar A, Metwal M, Gupta AK, Puranik S, Singh M, Gupta S, . Nutraceutical value of finger millet [Eleusine coracana (L.) Gaertn.], and their improvement using omics approaches. Frontiers in plant science. 2016;7:198656. DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00934 
  • Ullah I, Ali M, Farooqi A. Chemical and nutritional properties of some maize (Zea mays L.) varieties grown in NWFP, Pakistan. Pakistan journal of Nutrition. 2010;9(11):1113-7. DOI: doi.org/10.3923/pjn.2010.1113.1117 
  • Nuss ET, Tanumihardjo SA. Quality protein maize for Africa: closing the protein inadequacy gap in vulnerable populations. Advances in Nutrition. 2011;2(3):217-24. DOI: 10.3945/an.110.000182 
  • Cong B, Maxwell C, Luck S, Vespestad D, Richard K, Mickelson J, . Genotypic and environmental impact on natural variation of nutrient composition in 50 non genetically modified commercial maize hybrids in North America. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2015;63(22):5321-34. DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b01764 
  • Olayiwola A, Oyediran G. Effect of soil types and phosphorus fertilizer interaction on the growth and yield of Maize (Zea mays. L). International Journal of Applied Agriculture and Apiculture Research. 2012;8(1):82-90. DOI: 10.1007/bf01066606 
  • Khalid A, Hameed A, Tahir MF. Wheat quality: A review on chemical composition, nutritional attributes, grain anatomy, types, classification, and function of seed storage proteins in bread making quality. Frontiers in Nutrition. 2023;10:1053196. DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1053196 
  • Sánchez-Chino X, Jiménez-Martínez C, Dávila-Ortiz G, Álvarez-González I, Madrigal-Bujaidar E. Nutrient and nonnutrient components of legumes, and its chemopreventive activity: a review. Nutrition and cancer. 2015;67(3):401-10. DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2015.1004729 
  • Ișİk E, Ișİk H. The effect of moisture of organic chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) grain on the physical and mechanical properties. 2008. DOI: 10.3403/30198053u 
  • Oluwaranti a, Ajayi S. Determination of Moisture Content of Maize Seed: Comparison of Two Moisture Meters with the Oven Method. Ife Journal of Agriculture. 2008;23(1):32-9. DOI: 10.3923/ijar.2008.40.51 
  • Benincasa P, Falcinelli B, Lutts S, Stagnari F, Galieni A. Sprouted grains: A comprehensive review. Nutrients. 2019;11(2):421. DOI: 10.3390/nu11020421 
  • Hassan Z, Sebola N, Mabelebele M. The nutritional use of millet grain for food and feed: a review. Agriculture & food security. 2021;10:1-14. DOI: 10.1186/s40066-020-00282-6 
  • Benu Singhai BS, Shrivastava S. Nutritive value of new chickpea (Cicer arietinum) varieties. 2006.
  • Singhai B, Shrivastava S. Nutritive value of new chickpea (Cicer arietinum) varieties. Journal of Food Agriculture and Environment. 2006;4(1):48. DOI: 10.23880/fsnt-16000208 
  • Dhull SB, Kinabo J, Uebersax MA. Nutrient profile and effect of processing methods on the composition and functional properties of lentils (Lens culinaris Medik): A review. Legume Science. 2023;5(1):e156. DOI: 10.1002/leg3.156 
  • Nirmala Prasadi V, Joye I. Dietary fibre from whole grains and their benefits on metabolic health. Nutrients. 2020; 12 (10). DOI: 10.3390/nu12103045 
  • Kurek M, Wyrwisz J. The application of dietary fiber in bread products. 2015. DOI: 10.4172/2157-7110.1000447 
  • Magalhaes SC, Taveira M, Cabrita AR, Fonseca AJ, Valentão P, Andrade PB. European marketable grain legume seeds: Further insight into phenolic compounds profiles. Food Chemistry. 2017;215:177-84. DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.07.152 
  • Niño-Medina G, Muy-Rangel D, de la Garza AL, Rubio-Carrasco W, Pérez-Meza B, Araujo-Chapa AP. Dietary fiber from chickpea (Cicer arietinum) and soybean (Glycine max) husk byproducts as baking additives: functional and nutritional properties. Molecules. 2019;24(5):991. DOI: 10.3390/molecules24050991 
  • Zhang J, Wang J, Zhu C, Singh RP, Chen W. Chickpea: Its Origin, Distribution, Nutrition, Benefits, Breeding, and Symbiotic Relationship with Mesorhizobium Species. Plants. 2024;13(3):429. DOI: 10.3390/plants13030429 
  • Podder R, Tar’an B, Tyler RT, Henry CJ, DellaValle DM, Vandenberg A. Iron fortification of lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.) to address iron deficiency. Nutrients. 2017;9(8):863. DOI: 10.3390/nu9080863 
  • Shivay Y, Singh U, Prasad R, Kaur R. Agronomic interventions for micronutrient biofortification of pulses. Indian J Agron. 2016;61:161-72. URL: https://shorturl.at/XogB5
  • Gharibzahedi SMT, Mousavi SM, Jafari SM, Faraji K. Proximate composition, mineral content, and fatty acids profile of two varieties of lentil seeds cultivated in Iran. Chemistry of Natural Compounds. 2012;47:976-8. DOI: 10.1007/s10600-012-0119-2 
  • Zhao F-J, Su Y, Dunham S, Rakszegi M, Bedo Z, McGrath S, . Variation in mineral micronutrient concentrations in grain of wheat lines of diverse origin. Journal of cereal science. 2009;49(2):290-5. DOI: 10.1016/j.jcs.2008.11.007 
  • Garnett TP, Graham RD. Distribution and remobilization of iron and copper in wheat. Annals of botany. 2005;95(5):817-26. DOI: 10.1093/aob/mci085 
  • Al‐Khatib K, Paulsen GM. Photosynthesis and productivity during high‐temperature stress of wheat genotypes from major world regions. Crop science. 1990;30(5):1127-32. DOI: 10.2135/cropsci1990.0011183x003000050034x 
  • Dias AS, Lidon FC, Ramalho JC. IV. Heat stress in Triticum: kinetics of Fe and Mn accumulation. Brazilian Journal of Plant Physiology. 2009;21:153-64. DOI: 10.1590/s1677-04202009000200008 
  • Bloom AJ, Burger M, Asensio JSR, Cousins AB. Carbon dioxide enrichment inhibits nitrate assimilation in wheat and Arabidopsis. Science. 2010;328(5980):899-903. DOI: 10.3410/f.3431959.3125055 
  • Graham R, Senadhira D, Beebe S, Iglesias C, Monasterio I. Breeding for micronutrient density in edible portions of staple food crops: conventional approaches. Field crops research. 1999;60(1-2):57-80. DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4290(98)00133-6 
  • Johansson E, Branlard G, Cuniberti M, Flagella Z, Hüsken A, Nurit E, . Genotypic and environmental effects on wheat technological and nutritional quality. Wheat quality for improving processing and human health. 2020:171-204. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-34163-3_8 
  • Zavala-López M, García-Lara S. An improved microscale method for extraction of phenolic acids from maize. Plant Methods. 2017;13:1-11. DOI: 10.1186/s13007-017-0235-x 
  • De la Parra C, Serna Saldivar SO, Liu RH. Effect of processing on the phytochemical profiles and antioxidant activity of corn for production of masa, tortillas, and tortilla chips. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2007;55(10):4177-83. DOI: doi.org/10.1021/jf063487p 
  • Loskutov IG, Khlestkina EK. Wheat, barley, and oat breeding for health benefit components in grain. Plants. 2021;10(1):86. DOI: 10.3390/plants10010086 
  • Mattioni B, Kessler-Mathieu M, Wang D, Tilley M. Ancient Grains: A Key Solution to Address Climate Change and Food Security. Sustainable Agricultural Practices and Product Design. 2023:51-75. DOI: 10.1021/bk-2023-1449.ch004 
  • Zavala-López M, Flint-García S, García-Lara S. Compositional variation in trans-ferulic, p-coumaric, and diferulic acids levels among kernels of modern and traditional maize (Zea mays L.) hybrids. Frontiers in Nutrition. 2020;7:600747. DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2020.600747 
  • Adom KK, Sorrells ME, Liu RH. Phytochemicals and antioxidant activity of milled fractions of different wheat varieties. Journal of agricultural and food chemistry. 2005;53(6):2297-306. DOI: 10.1021/jf048456d 
  • Liu RH. Whole grain phytochemicals and health. Journal of cereal science. 2007;46(3):207-19. DOI: 10.1016/j.jcs.2007.06.010 
  • Călinoiu LF, Vodnar DC. Whole grains and phenolic acids: A review on bioactivity, functionality, health benefits and bioavailability. Nutrients. 2018;10(11):1615. DOI: 10.3390/nu10111615 
  • Singh B, Singh JP, Kaur A, Singh N. Phenolic composition and antioxidant potential of grain legume seeds: A review. Food research international. 2017;101:1-16. DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2017.09.026 
  • Smýkal P, Nelson MN, Berger JD, Von Wettberg EJ. The impact of genetic changes during crop domestication. Agronomy. 2018;8(7):119. DOI: /10.3390/agronomy8070119 
  • Singh AP. Nutritional composition, bioactive compounds, and phytochemicals of wheat grains. Wheat science: CRC Press; 2023. p. 125-81. DOI: 10.1201/9781003307938-5 
  • Munji KJ. Genetic studies of quantitative and quality traits in rice under low and high soil nitrogen and phosphorous conditions, and a survey of farmer preferences for varieties: Citeseer; 2010. URL: https://shorturl.at/3s8Ot.
  • Reeve JR, Hoagland LA, Villalba JJ, Carr PM, Atucha A, Cambardella C, . Organic farming, soil health, and food quality: considering possible links. Advances in agronomy. 2016;137:319-67. DOI: 10.1016/bs.agron.2015.12.003 
  • Alvarez‐Jubete L, Tiwari U. Stability of phytochemicals during grain processing. Handbook of plant food phytochemicals: sources, stability and extraction. 2013:301-31. DOI: 10.1002/9781118464717.ch14 
  • Ali A, Kumar RR, Vinutha T, Singh T, Singh SP, Satyavathi CT, . Grain phenolics: critical role in quality, storage stability and effects of processing in major grain crops—a concise review. European Food Research and Technology. 2022;248(8):2197-213. DOI: 10.1007/s00217-022-04026-7 

Home

Submit Manuscript

Editorial Board

Aims and Scope

Animal and Ethical Approval

Publication Ethics

Guide for Authors

Guide for Reviewer

Indexing and Abstracting

DOI Use

Generative AI (GenAI) Policy

Data Availability and Reproducibility Policy

Peer Review Process

Copyright Policies

Self Archiving Policy

The Time Period of Reviewing Process

Privacy Statement

Plagiarism Policy

Article Processing Charges (APC)

Reviewers

Contact Us