Authors
1
Sjlaimani Polytechnic University- Bakrajo Technical Institute- Protected Cultivation
2
Geosciences, Environment and Spatial Planning Department, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal.
,
Document Type : Research Paper
Abstract
Abstract
Drought is an environmental disaster worldwide, especially in countries with limited water resources and even other countries affected by this phenomenon. This study aims to conduct a spatial survey of drought signs and causes, monitor, map and evaluate the drought phenomenon using remote sensing and geographic information systems. The study has a great importance in knowing the time periods in which droughts occurred and predicting the upcoming dry periods in order to give a clear vision to decision makers to avoid the phenomenon of drought or to reduce its negative effects. The drought indicators normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and normalized difference water index (NDWI) have been used for this purpose. Drought areas, vegetation cover and water bodies were calculated by analyzing and evaluating the effects of drought on soil, vegetation cover and water bodies in the study area. The results showed that drought areas increase towards the south of the study area. The study area was greatly affected by the drought phenomenon in 2000, and this can be observed when comparing the image of 2000 with the image of 2023, as the areas of barren lands were large in 2000, and the area of vegetation cover and the area of water bodies decreased. The desertification area decreased in 2023 compared to 2000, as the desertification area in 2000 was 16532.06 km2 or 15435.04 km2 or the desertification area in 2023. The evidence of the NDVI and the NDWI confirm the occurrence of drought in the study area in 2000.
- Chopra, P. (2006, January). Drought risk assessment using remote sensing and GIS: a case study of Gujarat. Enschede, The Netherlands: ITC.
- Jain, S. K., Keshri, R., Goswami, A., & Sarkar, A. (2010). Application of meteorological and vegetation indices for evaluation of drought impact: a case study for Rajasthan, India. Natural hazards, 54, 643-656.
- Kogan, F. N. (1990). Remote sensing of weather impacts on vegetation in non-homogeneous areas. International Journal of remote sensing, 11(8), 1405-1419.
- Mishra, A. K., & Singh, V. P. (2010). A review of drought concepts. Journal of hydrology, 391(1-2), 202-216.
- Yan, D. H., Wu, D., Huang, R., Wang, L. N., & Yang, G. Y. (2013). Drought evolution characteristics and precipitation intensity changes during alternating dry–wet changes in the Huang–Huai–Hai River basin. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, 17(7), 2859-2871.
- Van Loon, A. F., Gleeson, T., Clark, J., Van Dijk, A. I., Stahl, K., Hannaford, J., ... & Van Lanen, H. A. (2016). Drought in the Anthropocene. Nature Geoscience, 9(2), 89-91.
- Rahimi, I., Azeez, S. N., & Ahmed, I. H. (2020). Mapping forest-fire potentiality using remote sensing and GIS, case study: Kurdistan Region-Iraq. In: Al-Quraishi, A., Negm, A. (eds) Environmental Remote Sensing and GIS in Iraq. Springer Water. Springer, Cham. 499-513.
- Zhao, T., & Dai, A. (2015). The magnitude and causes of global drought changes in the twenty-first century under a low–moderate emissions scenario. Journal of climate, 28(11), 4490-4512.
- Albarakat, R., Lakshmi, V., & Tucker, C. J. (2018). Using satellite remote sensing to study the impact of climate and anthropogenic changes in the Mesopotamian marshlands, Iraq. Remote Sensing, 10(10), 1524.
- Azeez, S. N., & Amin, I. M. (2023). Mapping Spatial Pattern of COVID-19 In Sulaimaniyah City from August 2020 to September 2021 based on Infected Cases recorded in Shahid Hemen Hospital. The Scientific Journal of Cihan University–Sulaimaniya, 7(1), 28-45.
- Belal, A. A., El-Ramady, H. R., Mohamed, E. S., & Saleh, A. M. (2014). Drought risk assessment using remote sensing and GIS techniques. Arabian Journal of Geosciences, 7, 35-53.
- Suryabhagavan, K. V. (2017). GIS-based climate variability and drought characterization in Ethiopia over three decades. Weather Clim Extremes 15: 11–23.
- Gao, M., Qin, Z., Zhang, H. O., Lu, L., Zhou, X., & Yang, X. (2008). Remote sensing of agro-droughts in Guangdong Province of China using MODIS satellite data. Sensors, 8(8), 4687-4708.
- Azeez, S. N. (2023). Mapping of Total Lime Using Remote Sensing and GIS Technology, Case Study: Garmian District, Kurdistan Region-Iraq. Passer Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 5(2), 243-248.
- Almamalachy, Y. S., Al-Quraishi, A. M. F., & Moradkhani, H. (2020). Agricultural drought monitoring over Iraq utilizing MODIS products. In: Al-Quraishi, A., Negm, A. (eds) Environmental Remote Sensing and GIS in Iraq. Springer Water. Springer, Cham. 253-278.
- Azeez, S. N., & Rahimi, I. (2017). Distribution of gypsiferous soil using geoinformatics techniques for some aridisols in garmian, Kurdistan Region-Iraq. Kurdistan Journal of Applied Research, 2(1), 57-64.
- Fadhil, A. M. (2010). Drought mapping using Geoinformation technology for some sites in the Iraqi Kurdistan region. International Journal of Digital Earth, 4(3), 239–257. https://doi.org/10.1080/17538947.2010.489971.
- Carlson, T. N., Perry, E. M., & Schmugge, T. J. (1990). Remote estimation of soil moisture availability and fractional vegetation cover for agricultural fields. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 52(1-2), 45-69.
- Wilhite, D.A. (2000). Drought as a natural hazard: concepts and definitions – Chapter 1. In: D.A. Wilhite Drought: a global assessment. New York: Routledge 1 18.
- Sandholt, I., Rasmussen, K., & Andersen, J. (2002). A simple interpretation of the surface temperature/vegetation index space for assessment of surface moisture status. Remote Sensing of environment, 79(2-3), 213-224.
- Al-Quraishi, A. M. F., Gaznayee, H. A. A., & Crespi, M. (2020). Drought Trend Analysis in Sulaimaniyah (Iraqi Kurdistan Region) for the Period 1998–2017 using Remote Sensing and GIS. J. Arid. Land, 3, 413-430.
- Buringh, P. (1960). Soils and soil conditions in Iraq. Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Research and Projects, Baghdad.
- Dunnington, H. V. (1958). Generation, migration, accumulation and dissipation of oil in northern of Iraq. In. L.G. Weeks (ed). Habitat of Oil. Amer. Assoc. Petroleum Geologist. pp. 1194-1251.
- Kharrufa, N. S. (1985). Simplified equation for evapotranspiration in arid regions. Beiträge zur Hydrologie, 5(1), 39-47.
- Altaie, F. H., Sys, C., & Stoops, G. (1969). Soil groups of Iraq. Their classification and characterization.
- Muhaimeed, A. S., Saloom, A. J., Saliem, K. A., Alani, K. A., & Muklef, W. M. (2014). Classification and distribution of Iraqi soils.
- FAO (Food Agriculture Organization) of U. N. (2000). Agriculture pest and their control principles. Offset press. Erbil-Iraq.
- Al-Taie, F. H. (1968). The soils of Iraq (Doctoral dissertation, Ph. D. thesis, State Univ. of Ghant, Belgium).
- Ahmad, S. M. 2005. Natural map of Iraqi Kurdistan region.
- Richards JA, Jia X. (1999). Remote sensing digital image analysis - an introduction. 3rd edn. Springer, New York.
- Rouse JW, Haas RH, Schell JA, Deering DW (1973) Monitoring vegetation systems in the great plains with ERTS. In: Third ERTS symposium, NASA SP-351 (I), 309–317.
- Tucker, C. J. (1979). Red and photographic infrared linear combinations for monitoring vegetation. Remote sensing of Environment, 8(2), 127-150.
- Gaznayee, H. A. A., Al-Quraishi, A. M. F., Mahdi, K., & Ritsema, C. (2022). A geospatial approach for analysis of drought impacts on vegetation cover and land surface temperature in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq. Water, 14(6), 927.
- Spears, J. (1982). Rehabilitating watersheds. Finance and Development, 19(1), 30-33.
- Myers, N. (1983). Tropical moist forests: over-exploited and under-utilized? Forest Ecology and Management, 6(1), 59-79.
- Eckholm, E. (1976). Losing Ground. W.W. Norton, New York,p. 223.
- Sharp, D., Sharp, T. (1982). The desertification of Asia. Asia 20001, 40–42.
- Nooteboom, H. P. (1987). Further views on environmental impacts of (de) forestation in the humid tropics. Wallaceana, 47, 10-11.
- Bartarya, S. K. (1989). Hydrogeology, geo-environmental problems and watershed management strategies in a central Himalayan River basin, Kumaun, India. Headwater control, 2, 308-318.
- Sun, S. S., Liu, X. P., Zhao, X. Y., Medina-Roldánd, E., He, Y. H., Lv, P., & Hu, H. J. (2022). Annual herbaceous plants exhibit altered morphological traits in response to altered precipitation and drought patterns in semiarid Sandy grassland, Northern China. Frontiers in Plant Science, 13, 756950.
- Al-Hedny, S. M., & Muhaimeed, A. S. (2020). Drought monitoring for Northern Part of Iraq using temporal NDVI and rainfall indices. In: Al-Quraishi, A., Negm, A. (eds) Environmental Remote Sensing and GIS in Iraq. Springer Water. Springer, Cham. 301-331.
- Magnani, F., Leonardi, S., Tognetti, R., Grace, J., & Borghetti, M. (1998). Modelling the surface conductance of a broad‐leaf canopy: effects of partial decoupling from the atmosphere. Plant, Cell & Environment, 21(8), 867-879.
- Bruijnzeel, L. A. (2004). Hydrological functions of tropical forests: not seeing the soil for the trees? Agriculture, ecosystems & environment, 104(1), 185-228.
- Bowers, S. A., & Hanks, R. J. (1965). Reaction of radiant energy from soil. Soil science, 100 (2), 130-138.
- Azeez, S. N. (2016). Effects of Some local Conditions on Leaching Factor of Aridisols in Kalar/Garmian, Kurdistan-Iraq. Kurdistan Journal of Applied Research, 1(2), 20-25.
', './data/kras/coversheet/551771182297.png'))
