Investigating the Impact of Planting Date and Different Organic Fertilization on Optimizing Growth Trait, Yield, Yield Components of Borage (Borago officinalis L.)

Volume 17, Issue 2
Spring 2026
Page 11-23

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 Dpartment of Field Crop and Medical Plants, College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences, Salahaddin University-Erbil, Kurdistan Region, IRAQ.

2 Department of Field Crop and Medical Plants, College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences, Salahaddin University-Erbil, Kurdistan Region, Iraq

Abstract
A field study was done at two locations, Grdarasha and Grdmala. during the growing season of 2024-2025. The experiment included two factors, the first factor was three sowing dates 1st August(D1), 15th August (D2) and 1th SeptemberD3 in 2024, the second factor was five fertilizer types (Control, Pomace 40000 kg ha-1, Rice bio-char 40000 kg ha-1, Seaweed 2 kg ha-1and Di ammonium phosphate (DAP) 200 kg ha-1. A factorial experiment of (3 x 5) was carried out using a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) using three replications. Numerous quantitative parameters were studied. The mentioned factors showed a positive role in Borage growth and yield, it is clear from the results that the highest increment plant height (cm), Leaf area (cm2), Leaf thickness (mm) and dry matter plant-1 (g) were recorded in the 1st September (67.41, 299.50, 1.53 and 131.10) and (63.22, 283.48,1.12and 144.02) for both locations respectively. While the highest seed yield values for both locations (196.45 and 120.52) kg ha-1 was acquired in 1st August and 15th August the highest value for some of the studied characters at Grdarasha was recorded for pomace treatment in Grdarasha which were leaf thickness 1.28 mm, number of seed flower-1 3.36, seed index17.29 g while at Grdmala location the same treatment recorded the highest value for leaf thickness 1.20 mm and seed index 17.70 g. At the Grdarasha location, Seaweed treatment obtained the highest value for plant height 63.36 cm, chlorophyll 64.70 SPAD, number of flowers 664.84 plant-1, dry matter 133.91g, and seed yield 213.28 kg ha-1. While in Grdmala caused the highest value for chlorophyll content 56.49 SPAD, number of seed flower-1 3.66, and seed yield 126.22 kg ha-1. The interaction treatments D1*F4 and D1*F4 obtained the highest seed yield values (309.50and 172.33) kg ha-1 for both locations, respectively.

Keywords

Subjects
[1].   Asadi-Samani, M., Bahmani, M. and Rafieian-Kopaei, M., 2014. The chemical composition, botanical characteristic and biological activities of Borago officinalis: a review. Asian Pacific journal of tropical medicine7, pp. S22-S28.https://doi.org/10.1016/S1995-7645(14)60199-1
[2].   Gupta, M and Swati, S (2010) Borago officinalis linn. An important medicinal plant of mediterranean   region: a review. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Review and Research. Volume 5, Issue 1, Article-005. ISSN 0976 – 044X
[3].   De Smet, P.A.G.M., 1993. Borago officinalis. In Adverse effects of herbal drugs 2 (pp. 147-152). Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg..DOI https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-48906-8_10
[4].   Tanwar, B., Goyal, A., Kumar, V., Rasane, P. and Sihag, M.K., 2020. Borage (Borago officinalis) seed. In Oilseeds: Health Attributes and Food Applications (pp. 351-371). Singapore: Springer Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-4194-0_21
[5].   Stawiarz, E., et al. (2020). "Flowering, forage value, and insect pollination in borage (Borago officinalis L.) cultivated in SE Poland." Journal of Apicultural Science 64(1): 77-89.
[6].   Gilbertson, P.K., Berti, M.T. and Johnson, B.L., 2014. Borage cardinal germination temperatures an seed development. Industrial Crops and Products, 59, pp.202-209. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2014.04.046
[7].   Asadi-Samani, M., Bahmani, M. and Rafieian-Kopaei, M., 2014. The chemical composition, botanical characteristic and biological activities of Borago officinalis: a review. Asian Pacific journal of tropical medicine7, pp. S22-S28.https://doi.org/10.1016/S1995-7645(14)60199-1
[8].   Rashid, M.S., Liu, G., Yousaf, B., Song, Y., Ahmed, R., Rehman, A., Arif, M., Irshad, S. and Cheema, A.I., 2022. Efficacy of rice husk biochar and compost amendments on the translocation, bioavailability, and heavy metals speciation in contaminated soil: Role of free radical production in maize (Zea mays L.). Journal of Cleaner Production330, p.129805 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.129805
[9].   Seham, M., El-Din, W.M.S., Farouk, S. and Mokhtar, N.A.Y., 2021. Integrated effects of biochar and potassium silicate on borage plant under different irrigation regimes in sandy soil. J. Hortic. Sci. Ornamental Plants13(1), pp.60-76. DOI: 10.5829/idosi.jhsop.2021.60.76
[10].    Muscolo, A., Papalia, T., Settineri, G., Romeo, F. and Mallamaci, C., 2019. Three different methods for turning olive pomace in resource: Benefits of the end products for agricultural purpose. Science of the Total Environment662, pp.1-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.01.210
[11].    Ameziane, H., Nounah, A., Khamar, M. and Zouahri, A., 2019. Use of olive pomace as an amendment to improve physico-chemical parameters of soil fertility. omy Research 17(6), 2158–2171, 2019https://doi.org/10.15159/AR.19.212
[12].    Ameziane, H., Nounah, A., Khamar, M. and Zouahri, A., 2020. Composting olive pomace: evolution of organic matter and compost quality. https://doi.org/10.15159/AR.20.004
[13].    Brunetti, G., Plaza, C. and Senesi, N., 2005. Olive pomace amendment in Mediterranean conditions: effect on soil and humic acid properties and durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L.) yield. Journal of agricultural and food chemistry53(17), pp.6730-6737
[14].    Alhasan, A.S., Abbas, M.K. and Al-Ameri, D.T., 2023. Influence of applying seaweed extracts and NPK fertilizer on vegetative growth, flowering traits and seed yield of borage (Borage officinalis L.). DOI: 10.3923/ajps.2023.206.214.DOI Agronomy Research 18(1), 5–17, 2020.
[15].    Gargouri, M., Chtara, C., Charrock, P., Nzihou, A. and El Feki, H., 2011. Synthesis and                            physicochemical characterization of pure diammonium phosphate from industrial fertilizer. Industrial & engineering chemistry research50(11), pp.6580-6584...DOI https://doi.org/10.1021/ie102237n
[16].    Nadarajan, S. and Sukumaran, S., 2021. Chemistry and toxicology behind chemical fertilizers. In Controlled Release fertilizers for sustainable agriculture (pp. 195-229). Academic press. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-819555-0.00012-1
[17].    Hameed, A., Islam, M., Qayyum, A., Siddiqui, R. and Draz, U., 2023. Optimizing cotton productivity: A comprehensive analysis of categorizing factor levels. Journal of Pure and Applied Agriculture8(3).) ISSN: 2617-8680 (Online)
[18].    Schindelin, J., Rueden, C.T., Hiner, M.C. and Eliceiri, K.W., 2015. The ImageJ ecosystem: An open platform for biomedical image analysis. Molecular reproduction and development82(7-8), pp.518-529. https://doi.org/10.1002/mrd.22489
[19].    LIN, Y., ZENG, Z., REN, C., LI, Z., GUO, L., YANG, X., WANG, C., QIAN, X. and HU, Y., (2012). Effects of partial root zone irrigation on leaf photosynthetic curves and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters in naked oat. Acta Agronomica Sinica, 38(6), p.1062-1070.
[20].    Esmail,A,O ;Mustafa,A,O and Marzany,Q,A.  2024. Experiment design and analysis. Agroplant Company. Second Edit. (book in Arabic)
[21].    Al-Mohammad, M.H., Al-Dulaimi, Z.S. and Sachet, T.F., 2023, April. Effect of Planting Date and Nitrogen Fertilizer in Growth, Yield Components and Oil Content of some Fatty Acids in Borage Seeds. In IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science (Vol. 1158(6). 062002). IOP Publishing. doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1158/6/062002
[22].    Alhasan, A.S., Abbas, M.K. and Al-Ameri, D.T., 2023. Influence of applying seaweed extracts and NPK fertilizer on vegetative growth, flowering traits and seed yield of borage (Borage officinalis L.). DOI: 10.3923/ajps.2023.206.214.DOI Agronomy Research 18(1), 5–17, 2020.
[23].    Meng, C., Gu, X., Liang, H., Wu, M., Wu, Q., Yang, L., Li, Y. and Shen, P., 2022. Optimized preparation and high-efficient application of seaweed fertilizer on peanut. Journal of agriculture and food research7, p.100275. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jafr.2022.100275
[24].    Novak, J.M., Busscher, W.J., Watts, D.W., Amonette, J.E., Ippolito, J.A., Lima, I.M., Gaskin, J., Das, K.C., Steiner, C., Ahmedna, M. and Rehrah, D., 2012. Biochars impact on soil-moisture storage in an ultisol and two aridisols. Soil Science177(5), pp.310-32
[25].    Ilay, R., et al. (2013). "The effect of olive oil solid waste application on soil properties and growth of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) and bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)." International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation 85: 254-259.
[26].    Chakma, N., Biswas, P.K. and Hasanuzzaman, M., 2020. Growth, Flower Dropping, Pod Set and Yield Response of Soybean Varieties as Affected by Suplemental Fertilizer Spray at Flowering. Bangladesh Agronomy Journal23(2), pp.111-117. https://doi.org/10.3329/baj.v23i2.52460
[27].    Berti, M., Wilckens, R., Fischer, S. and Araos, R., 2002. Borage: A new crop for Southern Chile. Trends in new crops and new uses: Strength in diversity. ASHS Press, Alexandria, Virginia, USA, pp.501-505. DOI: 10.4067/S0718-58392010000200006 ·
[28].    Reddy, S.K., Bhuvaneswari, R. and Karthikeyan, P.K., 2020. Effect of dap, humic acid and micronutrient mixture foliar application on yield and quality characters of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea l.) Var. Tmv7, pp.521-525.
[29].    Dhaunroo, A.A., Khan, R.A., Wagan, T.A. and Nahiyoon, A.A., 2018. Effect of different fertilizer doses with different combinations on cotton growth and yield. Journal of Natural Sciences Research, 8(17), pp.1-5. ISSN 2224-3186 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0921 (Online)
[30].    Pahalvi, H.N., Rafiya, L., Rashid, S., Nisar, B. and Kamili, A.N., 2021. Chemical fertilizers and their impact on soil health. In Microbiota and biofertilizers, Vol 2: Ecofriendly tools for reclamation of degraded soil environs (pp. 1-20). Cham: Springer International Publishing.
[31].    Darwesh, D. (2008). "Role of supplemental irrigation and fertilizer treatments on yield component of wheat (triticum durum l.)." mesopotamia journal of agriculture 36: 30-45. doi: 10.33899/magrj.2008.26573
[32].    Ahmadabadi, Z., Zarei, M., Yasrebi, J., Ronaghi, A., Ghasemi, R., Saharkhiz, M.J., Kasmaei, L.S. and Schnug, E., 2019. The effect of arbuscular mycorrhiza, rice husk compost and biochar on Iranian borage Echium amoenum Fisch & CA Mey and post-harvesting soil properties. Journal of Cultivated Plants/Journal für Kulturpflanzen71(1). DOI: 10.5073/JfK.2019.01.02
[33].    Illera-Vives, M., et al. (2020). Chapter 19 - Agricultural uses of seaweed. Sustainable Seaweed Technologies. M. D. Torres, S. Kraan and H. Dominguez, Elsevier: 591-612.
[34].    Gressel, J., 2012. Containing and mitigating transgene flow from crops to weeds, to wild species, and to crops. In Plant Biotechnology and Agriculture (pp. 509-523). Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-381466-1.00032-8
[35].    Laurence, R. (2004). Borage production: for oil and gamma-linolenic acid. Barton, A.C.T.: RIRDC. ISBN 0642 58750 7 ISSN 1440-6845Lacolla, G., Fortunato, S., Nigro, D., De Pinto, M.C., Mastro, M.A., Caranfa, D., Gadaleta, A. and Cucci, G., 2019. Effects of mineral and organic fertilization with the use of wet olive pomace on durum wheat performance. International Journal of Recycling of Organic Waste in Agriculture, 8, pp.245-254. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40093-019-00295-7
[36].    El Hafid, R., Blade, S.F. and Hoyano, Y., 2002. Seeding date and nitrogen fertilization effects on the              performance of borage (Borago officinalis L.). Industrial Crops and Products16(3), pp.193-199.DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0926-6690(02)00047-X
[37].    Ebrahimi, A; Moaveni,P and Farahani ,H,A (2010) Effects of planting dates and compost on mucilage variations in borage (Borago officinalis L.) under different chemical fertilization systems. International Journal for Biotechnology and Molecular Biology Research Vol. 1(5), pp. 58-61, August 2010 Available online http://www.academicjournals.org/ijbmbr ISSN 2141-2154 ©2010 Academic Journals
[38].    Naghdi Badi H, Zeinali Z, Omidi H and, Rezazadeh Sh. Morphological, Agronomical and Phytochemical Changes in Borage (Borago officinalis L.) under Biological and Chemical Fertilizers Application. Quarterly Journal of Medicinal Plants, Year 11, Volume 2, Marneh, Spring 2012 Special Issue (farcy)
[39].    Alhasan, A.S., Abbas, M.K. and Al-Ameri, D.T., 2023. Influence of applying seaweed extracts and NPK fertilizer on vegetative growth, flowering traits and seed yield of borage (Borage officinalis L.). DOI: 10.3923/ajps.2023.206.214.DOI Agronomy Research 18(1), 5–17, 2020
[40].    Mahmood, B.J., Mustafa, B.S., Pirdwad, K.M., Fahad, M.S., Yousf, W.I. and Ali, M.B., 2023, December. Interaction Effect of Rice Biochar and Phosphorous Fertilizer on Growth, Yield and Yield Component of Faba Bean (Vicia faba L). In IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science (Vol. 1252, No. 1, p. 012044). IOP Publishing.DOI 10.1088/1755-1315/1252/1/012044"<borago biochar.pdf>."