Kirkuk University Journal for Agricultural Sciences (KUJAS)

The Economic Effects of Economic Reform Programs and Policies in Iraq After 2003: An Applied Study on Some Economic Variables with Macroeconomic and Environmental Impact

https://doi.org/10.58928/ku26.17229
Volume 17, Issue 2
Spring 2026
Page 277-293
Kirkuk University Journal for Agricultural Sciences (KUJAS)

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

Suher Fares Mawlod 1
Ali Darub Kassar 2

1 Dept. of Agricultural Economics, College of Agriculture, University of Anbar

2 ِAgricultural Economics department, college of agriculture, university of Anbar, Ramadi , IRAQ.

Abstract
The economic effects of post-2003 economic reform policies in Iraq have had a clear impact on all economic sectors, including agriculture. These effects were studied using two econometric models. The first model examined the impact of unemployment, greenhouse gas emissions, and total spending on scientific research on GDP. The second model examined the impact of growth, inflation, the budget deficit, and the balance of payments on the economic growth rate. The research concluded that greenhouse gas emissions had a positive impact on GDP, while spending on research and development showed a negative impact. Unemployment, however, had a positive impact, reflecting a delayed response to some labor market variables. The results of the second model showed that inflation had positive effects, although these effects were considered acceptable and within the safe range for developing countries. The budget deficit showed a clear negative impact, while the balance of payments had a positive impact, reflecting an improved foreign trade situation and its positive effect on supporting economic growth rates. The research recommended the need to develop an economic model that suits the characteristics of the Iraqi market, with the aim of moving the economy from a state of structural imbalance to a state of long-term equilibrium, which would ensure the stability of national food security, as well as implementing economic reform programs to diversify sources of national income and reduce dependence on oil revenues, which are affected by global fluctuations, in order to ensure the sustainability of agricultural and industrial development , and working to reduce inflation levels or keep them at safe levels, while taking into account the need to preserve the purchasing power of citizens.

Keywords

Reform policies
sustainable agricultural development
structural unemployment
aggregate demand
foreign trade
Crossmark
Subjects
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