Kirkuk University Journal for Agricultural Sciences (KUJAS)

Effect of Sowing Patterns on the Components and its Yield of Two Barley Varieties in the Sulaymaniyah

10.58928/ku26.17321
Volume 17, Issue 3
Summer 2026
Page 209-221
Kirkuk University Journal for Agricultural Sciences (KUJAS)

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

Chra Saeed Jafar 1
Fawzy Faidhulla Khurshid 2
Sherwan Issmael Tawfiq 2
Zhyar Burhan Abdulla 3

1 Department of Natural Resources, College of Agricultural Engineering Science, University of Sulaimani, Iraq

2 Department of Biotechnology and Crop Science, College of Agricultural Engineering Science, University of Sulaimani, IRAQ

3 University pf Sulaimani

Abstract
The current study was conducted to determine the impact of two varieties of barley (white and black), seed coverage (5-10 and 10-20) cm, with sowing method (seed drill, conventional and overlapped seed broadcasting), on green yield and yield components during two successive winter season (2022-2023 and 2023-2024)at Bakrjo site, College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences, Sulaymaniyah, Kurdistan- Iraq Region . Using split-split plot design with three replications, in Sulaymaniyah. where two barley cultivars were allocated to the main plot, namely white and black barley, the seed coverage depth in the subplot were 5-10 cm and 10-20 cm, while the sub-subplots represented planting methods, including seed drill, conventional and overlapped spreading by a seed broadcaster machine. The net plot area was 18 m x 30 m. Random samples were taken from each experimental unit to study the characteristics of plant height, number of grains per plant, number of grains per spike, number of spikes per m2, thousand-grain weight, grain yield, straw yield, biological yield, and harvest index. All agricultural operations were carried out according to crop requirements and recommendations. The result indicated the superiority of the white variety in all characteristics at both seasons compared to the black variety. The seed coverage (10 -20) cm was found to be the best for almost all studied characteristics. Regarding the sowing method, it was found that using a seed drill showed superiority for the studied characteristics compared to other methods. It was observed that the second season exceeded the first one in most characteristics.

Keywords

Seed drill
seed coverage
overlap broadcasting
Harvest index
sowing method
Subjects
[1].   Anderson, W.K. and J. Garlinge, The wheat book: principles and practice. 2000.
https://jcoagri.uobaghdad.edu.iq/index.php/intro/article/view/1574
[2].   Hasanpour, J., M. Panahi, P. Sadeghi, and K. Arabsalmani, Effect of inoculation with VA mycorrhiza and azotobacter on grain yield, LAI and protein of wheat on drought stress condition. 2012.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/362253016_Mycorrhiza-mediated_phosphorus_use_efficiency_in_plants
[3].   Markowski, P., et al., Analiza porównawcza jakości siewu nasion pszenicy siewnikiem uniwersalnym i agregatem uprawowo-siewnym. Inżynieria Rolnicza, 2013. 17(4, t. 1): p. 213-222.
https://www.cabidigitallibrary.org/doi/full/10.5555/20123393263
[4].   Brown, P.R., G.R. Singleton, C.R. Tann, and I. Mock, Increasing sowing depth to reduce mouse damage to winter crops. Crop Protection, 2003. 22(4): p. 653-660.
https://hrcak.srce.hr/117750
[5].   Al-Khalaf, K., S. Lawand, and H. Al-Mahasneh, Genetic relationship between some barley genotypes (Hordeum vulgare L.) using SSR technique (microsatellite). Iraqi Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 2022. 53(4): p. 890-900.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2014.02.008
[6].   Abdullah, A.O., N.S. Ahmad, and K.M. Mustafa, BIOLOGICAL YIELD CONTENT CORRELATED WITH YIELD COMPONENTS IN BARLEY (Hordeum vulgare L.) UNDER RAINFED CONDITIONS OF KURDISTAN-IRAQ. IRAQI JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES, 2025. 56(2): p. 692-700.
 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iswcr.2015.05.002
[7].  Al-Obaidi, M. and Y. Al-Timimi, Change detection in Mosul dam lake, north of Iraq using remote sensing and GIS techniques. Iraqi Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 2022. 53(1): p. 38-47.
https://doi.org/10.36103/ijas.v54i1.1698
[8].  Al-Timimi, Y. and F. Baktash, Monitoring the shift of rainfed line of 250 mm over Iraq. Iraqi Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 2024. 55(3): p. 931-940.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2018.02.007
[9].  Khurshid, F. and A. Sedeeq, Power requirement for sowing patterns on two fallow lands under wheat production. Applied Ecology & Environmental Research, 2019. 17(6).
https://doi.org/10.1071/SR08110
[10].    Wuest, S.B., S.L. Albrecht, and K.W. Skirvin, Crop residue position and interference with wheat seedling development. Soil and tillage Research, 2000. 55(3-4): p. 175-182. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10093273
[11].    Oyewole, C., M. Magaji, and M. Falaki, Effects of sowing method and rodent control on plant establishment, growth and grain yield of two varieties of wheat (Triticum aetivum L.) J. Agric. Environ, 2001. 2(2): p. 233-241https://doi.org/10.36103/gm1qqx75
[12].    Lan, Y., M.F. Kocher, and J.A. Smith, Opto-electronic sensor system for laboratory measurement of planter seed spacing with small seeds. Journal of agricultural engineering research, 1999. 72(2): p. 119-https://doi.org/10.36103/j2h03x34
[13].    Sanaeifar, A. and M.J. Sheikhdavoodi, Evaluating of broadcasting uniformity of centrifugal and oscillating granular broadcasters. Research Journal of Applied Sciences, Engineering and Technology, 2012. 4(15): p. 2460-2 https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12920-025-02209-1
[14].    Svensson, J.E., Pneumatic fertilizer spreaders. 1990.
  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s42106-019-00054-8
[15].    Speelman, L., Features of a reciprocating sprout broadcaster in the process of granular fertilizer application. 1979: Wageningen University and Research.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/324860898
[16].    Zewdu, A., Simulation of Tef seed broadcasting. Agricultural Engineering International: CIGR Journal, 2008-chrome
extension://efaidnbmnnnibpcajpcglclefindmkaj/https://www.pakbs.org/pjbot/PDFs/43(2)/PJB43(2)0937.pdf
[17].    Parish, R.L., Evaluation of two methods of fertilizer spreader pattern correction. Transactions of the ASAE, 1986. 29(2): p. 370-373.
https://doi.org/10.3329/bjagri.v49i1.74027
[18].    Hamood, J.A. and M. Elsahookie, Yield of maize under skip irrigation and planting depth. The Iraqi Journal of Agriculture Science, 2011. 42: p. 1-12.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/309041046
[19].    Yagmur, M. and D. Kaydan, The effects of different sowing depth on grain yield and some grain yield components in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars under dryland conditions. African Journal of Biotechnology, 2009. 8(2).
https://www.ajol.info/index.php/ajb/article/view/59766
[20].    Yazdi, S.A.F., M. Rezvani, M.H.R. Mohassel, and H. Ghanizadeh, Factors affecting seed germination and seedling emergence of sheep sorrel (Rumex acetosella). Romanian Agricultural Research, 2013. 30(1): p. 373-380.https://www.researchgate.net/publication/257835627
[21].    Podolska, G. and A. Sułek, Wpływ intensywności uprawy na plon i cechy struktury plonu odmian pszenicy ozimej. Pol. J. Agron, 2012. 11: p. 41-46.
chrome extension://efaidnbmnnnibpcajpcglclefindmkaj/https://www.iung.pl/PJA/wydane/11/PJA11_7.pdf
[22].    Ali, M.A., A.T. Khaleel, A. Al-Chalabi, and A.S. Al-Barwary. Effect of Jelly and Planting Depths on the Traits of Two Barley Verities. in IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science. 2023. IOP Publishing.DOI 10.1088/1755-1315/1214/1/012041

Home

Submit Manuscript

Editorial Board

Aims and Scope

Animal and Ethical Approval

Publication Ethics

Guide for Authors

Guide for Reviewer

Indexing and Abstracting

DOI Use

Peer Review Process

The Time Period of Reviewing Process

Privacy Statement

Article Processing Charges (APC)

Reviewers

Contact Us