Kirkuk University Journal for Agricultural Sciences (KUJAS)

Effect of Organic (compost) and Inorganic (NPK) Fertilizers on Safflower (Carthamus Tinctorius L.) Growth, Yield and Seed Oil Content

10.58928/ku26.17322
Volume 17, Issue 3
Summer 2026
Page 222-232
Kirkuk University Journal for Agricultural Sciences (KUJAS)

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

Shilan Hussein Shkur
Shiren Jalal Mohamed
Solaf Adnan Mahmood
Shaee Adeeb Ghareeb

Biotechnology and Crop Science Department/ College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences/ University of Sulaimani. Sulaimani. Iraq

Abstract
Information regarding the impact of plant compost on safflower growth traits, seed yield, seed oil content is not available. A field experiment was carried out during 2023-2024 at the Qilyasan Agricultural Research Station, College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences. University of Sulaimani. To determine the effect of two types of organic (compost) and inorganic 20:20:20 NPK fertilizers levels on safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) growth, seed yield and oil percentage. The treatments consisted of three levels of organic fertilizer (0, 6, and 12 ton ha-1 plant compost), three levels of inorganic fertilizers (0, 60, and 120 kg ha-1 NPK) and two varieties of safflower (gilla and russi). The results showed that among the growth traits; the greatest LAI was produced by russi variety under 120kg ha-1 NPK whilst the tallest plant was produced by gilla variety under 60 and 120 kg ha-1 NPK compared to other treatments with no significant differences between treatments in leaves total chlorophyll content No.of branches and stem dry. However, both varieties produced the highest No.of branches under 12tonha-1 compost and the highest leaves dry weight under 120 kg ha-1NPK and 12 ton ha-1 compost respectively, compared to other treatments. The highest seed yield kg/ha and its yield components (No.of capitulum plant-1, weight of capitulum plant-1, No.of seed capitulum-1, weight of seed capitulum-1, 1000 seed weight) were obtained by russi variety under 60 and 120 kg ha-1NPK and 12 ton ha-1 compost also oil% produced by russi under 120 kg ha-1NPK and 12 ton ha-1 compost compared to other treatments. This investigation suggests 12 ton ha-1 compost for russi variety under rain fed par with the 120 kg ha-1NPK fertilizer to produce the economic seed yield and seed oil content.

Keywords

Safflower
plant compost
NPK
yield
and seed oil%
Subjects
[1].   Abbadi, J. and J. Gerendás (2011). "Effects of phosphorus supply on growth, yield, and yield components of safflower and sunflower.  Journal of Plant Nutrition, 34(12), 1769-1787. https://doi.org/10.1080/01904167.2011.600405
[2].   Abd El-Mohsen, A. A. and G. O. Mahmoud (2013). "Modeling the influence of nitrogen rate and plant density on seed yield, yield components and seed quality of safflower. American Journal of Experimental Agriculture, 3(2), 336.
[3].   Ahadi, K., et al. (2011). "Effects of sowing date and planting density on growth and yield of safflower cultivars as second crop. Journal of  Advances in Environmental Biology, 2756-2761.
[4].   Arani, M., et al. (2011). "Effects of different amounts of phosphorus on the improvement of qualitative and quantitative traits in safflower during moisture stress.  International Journal of Science and Advanced Technology, 1(8), 109-113.
[5].   Aydin, K.-J., et al. (2018). "Response of sunflower to organic and chemical fertilizers in different drought stress conditions." Acta Agriculturae Slovenica, 111(2), 271-284.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.14720/aas.2018.111.2.03
[6].   Bandura, V., et al. 2022. "Investigation of properties of sunflower and rapeseed oils obtaine by the soxhlet and microwave extraction methods". Journal of Agricultural Science. (1), 48-58.            
  DOI: 10.15159/jas.22.17
[7].   Barla, A. k. (2017). "Effect of sowing date on growth, Yield and oil quality of Safflower  (Carthamus tinctorius (L.))  genotypesM.Sc. (Agronomy)  thesis, Vasantrao Naik Marathwada Krishi Vidyapeeth, Parbhani, Maharashtra., India. 
https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2020.901.040
[8].   Bulluck Iii, L., et al. (2002). "Organic and synthetic fertility amendments influence soil microbial, physical and chemical properties on organic and conventional farms. Journal of  Applied soil ecology,  19(2), 147-160.  https://doi.org/10.1016/S0929-1393(01)00187-1
[9].   Cannavo, P., et al. (2022). "Organic fertilization of growing media: response of N mineralization to temperature and moisture.Journal of Horticulturae, 8(2), 152. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae8020152             
[10].    Cosege, B., et al. (2007). "Oil content and fatty acid composition of some safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) varieties sown in spring and winter. International Journal of Natural & Engineering Sciences 1(3).
[11].    Dajue, L. and H. Mündel (1996). Safflower, Carthamus tinctorius L.In J.Smartt&N.W.Simmonds(Eds), promoting the conservation and use of underutilized and neglected crops. 7. international Plant Genetic Resources institute (IPGRI), Rome, Italy.
[12].    Devêvre, O. C. and W. R. Horwáth (2000). "Decomposition of rice straw and microbial carbon use efficiency under different soil temperatures and moistures.Journal Soil Biology and Biochemistry 32(11-12), 1773-1785.  https://doi.org/10.1016/S0038-0717(00)00096-1
[13].    Dhale, S. V. (2021). Response of pre-released safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) genotypes to different fertilizer levels.  M.Sc. (Agronomy )Thesis, Vasantrao Naik Marathwada Krishi Vidyapeeth, Parbhani. India
[14].    Emongor, V. (2010). "Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) the underutilized and neglected crop: a review." Asian Journal of Plant Science, 9(6), 299-306.
[15].    Fao, F. (2018). "Food and agriculture organization of the United Nations. Rome, URL: http://faostat. fao. org 403.
[16].    Fathi, A. (2022). "Role of nitrogen (N) in plant growth, photosynthesis pigments, and N use efficiency: A.Journal of  Agrisost 28, 1-8.
[17].    Fathi, A. and J. Mehdiniya afra (2023). "Plant Growth and Development in Relation to Phosphorus: A review." Bulletin of the university of agricultural sciences & veterinary medicine Cluj-Napoca. Agriculture 80(1).  DOI:  10.15835/buasvmcn-agr:2022.0012
[18].    Fathi, A. and E. Zeidali (2021). "Conservation tillage and nitrogen fertilizer: a review of corn growth and yield and weed management." Central Asian Journal of Plant Science Innovation,  1(3), 121-142. https://doi.org/10.22034/CAJPSI.2021.03.01
[19].    Gaskell, M. and R. Smith (2007). "Nitrogen sources for organic vegetable crops. Journal of HortTechnology, 17(4), 431-441. DOI: 10.21273/HORTTECH.17.4.43
[20].    ]Jaffar, R. A.-A. and S. I. Al-Refai (2021). Response of safflower to (NPK) fertilizer combinations and plants distribution. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, IOP Publishing. DOI 10.1088/1755-1315/923/1/012056
[21].    Koutroubas, S. D., et al. (2021). "Safflower assimilate remobilization, yield, and oil content in response to nitrogen availability, sowing time, and genotype. Journal of  Field Crops Research ,274, 108313.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2021.108313
[22].    Malghani, A. L., et al. (2010). "Response of growth and yield of wheat to NPK fertilizer.Journal of  Science Internaltional 24(2), 185-189.
[23].    Naderi, R. and E. Bijanzadeh (2014). "Organic amendments and nitrogen effects on growth and chemical composition of two cultivars of safflower ('Carthamus tinctorius' L.). Australian Journal of Crop Science, 8(4), 577-581.
[24].    Okigbo, I. (2000). "Application of organic and inorganic fertilizers and the response of maize crop." Nigerian Journal of Soil Science, 18(2), 22.
[25].    Prajapati, K. and H. Modi (2012). "The importance of potassium in plant growth–a review. Indian journal of plant sciences,  1(02-03), 177-186.
                  
[26].    Sarkar, S., et al. (2003). "The effect of organic and inorganic fertilizers on soil physical condition and the productivity of a rice–lentil cropping sequence in India. The Journal of Agricultural Science, 140(4), 419-425. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021859603003186
[27].    Sharma, A. and R. Chetani (2017). "A review on the effect of organic and chemical fertilizers on plants. Internationl Journal of Applied Research and Applied Science,  5(2), 677-680.
[28].    Singh, R. K. and A. K. Singh (2013). "Effect of nitrogen, phosphorus and sulphur fertilization on productivity, nutrient-use efficiency and economics of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius) under late-sown condition. Indian Journal of Agronomy, 58(4),  583-587.
[29].    Velasco, L., et al. (2005). "Identification and genetic characterization of a safflower mutant with a modified tocopherol profile.Journal of  Plant Breeding, 124(5), 459-463.
 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0523.2005.01150.x
[30].    [30] Yadav, G. (2022). Performance of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) on different date of sowing, crop geometry and fertilizer dose under Malwa condition in MP. M.Sc. (Agronomy) thesis. Rajmata Vijayaraje Scindia Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya.
 
 
 
 
 
 

Home

Submit Manuscript

Editorial Board

Aims and Scope

Animal and Ethical Approval

Publication Ethics

Guide for Authors

Guide for Reviewer

Indexing and Abstracting

DOI Use

Peer Review Process

The Time Period of Reviewing Process

Privacy Statement

Article Processing Charges (APC)

Reviewers

Contact Us